Quantum Mechanics THIRD EDITION

183 philosophical implications of quantum mechanics and develop a new way of thinking about nature on the nanometer-length scale. This was undoubtedly one of the most signiicant shifts in the history of science. The key new concepts developed in quantum mechanics include the quantiza-tion of energy, a probabilistic description of particle motion, wave–particle duality, and indeterminacy. These ideas appear foreign to us because they are inconsistent with our experience of the macroscopic world. Nonetheless, we have accepted their validity because they provide the most comprehensive account of the behavior of matter and radiation and because the agreement between theory and the results of all experiments conducted to date has been impressively accurate. Energy quantization arises for all systems whose motions are connned by a potential well. The one-dimensional particle-in-a-box model shows why quantiza-tion only becomes apparent on the atomic scale. Because the energy level spacing is inversely proportional to the mass and to the square of the length of the box, quantum effects become too small to be observed for systems that contain more than a few hundred atoms. Wave–particle duality accounts for the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and for indeterminacy. Once we accept that particles can behave as waves, we can form analogies with classical electromagnetic wave theory to describe the motion of particles. For example, the probability of locating the particle at a particular location is the square of the amplitude of its wave function. Zero-point energy is a consequence of the Heisenberg indeterminacy relation; all particles bound in potential wells have nite energy even at the absolute zero of temperature. Particle-in-a-box models illustrate a number of important features of quantum mechanics. The energy-level structure depends on the nature of the potential, E n n 2 , for the particle in a one-dimensional box, so the separation between energy levels increases as n increases. The probability density distribution is different from that for the analogous classical system. The most probable location for the particle-in-a-box model in its ground state is the center of the box, rather than uniformly over the box as predicted by classical mechanics. Normalization ensures that the probability of nding the particle at some position in the box, summed over all possible positions, adds up to 1. Finally, for large values of n, the probability distribution looks much more classical, in accordance with the correspondence principle. Different kinds of energy level patterns arise from different potential energy functions, for example the hydrogen atom (See Section 5.1) and the harmonic oscil-lator (See Section 20.3). These concepts and principles are completely general; they can be applied to explain the behavior of any system of interest. In the next two chapters, we use quantum mechanics to explain atomic and molecular structure, respectively. It is important to have a rm grasp of these principles because they are the basis for our comprehensive discussion of chemical bonding in Chapter 6.

This paper attempts to summarise the basics of a radical new field in particle physics: quantum mechanics. It includes an in-depth explanation of 4 basic concepts of quantum mechanics, which are Quantum Field Theory, Deriving the Theory of Addition of Velocities or Distances, Deriving how E=mc2 was modified for massless and stationary particles and The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

This is the research topic. Searched by me from different books....

ResearchGate, 2020

This paper summarizes the basic principles of the common-sense interpretation of quantum physics that we have been exploring over the past few years. We also touch on some areas we did not explore before. We note, for example, that the ring current model of matter-particles must also come with a dynamic view of the fields surrounding charged particles. Potential barriers -or their corollary: potential wells – should, therefore, not be thought of as static fields: they vary in time. They result from two or more charges moving around and creating some joint or superposed field. Hence, a particle breaking through a ‘potential wall’ or coming out of a potential ‘well’ probably just uses an opening which corresponds to a classical trajectory. This should offer a new perspective on the foundations of quantum mechanics.

Six reviews on Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods by Asher Peres Peres has given us a clear and fully elaborated statement of the epistemology of quantum mechanics, and a rich source of examples of how ordinary questions can be posed in the theory,

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QUANTUM MECHANICS, A Non-Technical Review, 2021

SBN: 978-981-14-9875-6 (e-book) “QM turns out to be a breathtaking story of our breakthrough into an unbelievable future. Not science fiction, but what our world is likely to be in 50 years, if they get the Quantum Computer going.”(From “About This Book”) FIRST QUANTUM REVOLUTION – the primary discoveries, enabling the Information Age SECOND QUANTUM REVOLUTION –gestating the Quantum Computer’s computational core (up to the present) THIRD QUANTUM GENERATION – roadmaps and breakthroughs to the hybrid and intermediate generations of Quantum Computers (by 2040), and FOURTH QUANTUM GENERATION – When the Quantum Computers and their associated inventions run the place, map the stars and take us beyond Absolute Zero. (beyond 2070). Publication history: Review cut-off 31 Oct 2020, Finalised and Restricted release on 1 Apr 2021, and e-Published at https://geraldpillay.wordpress.com on 19 Nov 2021.

2019

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