Raport intreg

This report examines the global and regional labour market trends and gaps, including in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, employment status as well as sectoral and occupational segregation. It also presents a global in-depth analysis of the key drivers of female labour force participation by investigating the personal preferences of women and the societal gender norms and socio-economic constraints that women face. A key finding of this report is that closing these labour market gaps would yield significant economic benefits in terms of GDP growth while at the same time improving individual welfare in multiple dimensions. However, the report finds that there are significant socio-economic and gender norm constraints influencing a woman’s decision to participate. Accordingly, the report introduces a comprehensive framework to address the drivers of these gender gaps and outlines a series of policy recommendations to improve the labour market outcomes of women.

World Development, 1999

Ð The factors driving global integration, namely, trade expansion, technological change, and the internationalization of production have altered production patterns and changed the composition of output in both developed and developing countries. As global patterns and modes of production have changed there has been a general shift away from agriculture toward industry and services. Along with these output changes have come signi®cant changes in regional and national employment. In developing and developed countries, these changes span divergent trends. On the one hand, there is the increased availability of more and better quality employment as workers shift out of agriculture and subsistence production and into waged employment in the expanding manufacturing and service sectors. On the other hand, there have been sectors where the trend has been away from formalization toward the informalization and semi-formalization of production activities and employment practices. Women have generally bene®ted from improvements in the world economy. This article demonstrates, however, that patterns of employment and income generation among women often diverge, however, from global trends in important ways that suggest that the forces shaping global integration eect women dierently. The article frames a policy discussion that the International Center for Research on Women led to debate the implications of recent trends in women's employment in the developing and developed world. The six articles in this section represent this discussion. They span a range of empirical and theoretical inquiry, exploring global employment trends and highlighting changes in women's participation in formal and informal economic activities. Ó

Studia i Prace WNEiZ

The purpose of the study is to provide the assessment of employment structural changes impact on the situation of women on the labour market. The research period covers the years 2008-2015. The structure changes observed in the European Union countries confi rm the convergence of employment sector structure towards highly developed economies. In the years 2008-2015 the largest number of jobs were opened in all European Union countries in the service sector.As a result of the conducted analysis it can be concluded that structural changes in employment, on the one hand, do not reduce the disproportions in female and male employment in the most feminine and masculine sections but, on the other, create opportunities for an extended employment of women in service sections requiring high qualifi cations.

2009

Women often remain a largely untapped resource in developing countries, and the lack of formal employment opportunities for women represents a key challenge to economic growth and social prosperity in these countries. In 2008, IFC's client companies employed over 360,000 women across all regions and industries. From Jamaica to Cambodia, from services to manufacturing, IFC projects are helping draw women into the workforce to enhance not only their own livelihoods but economies at large. Women and Labor Markets Women often remain a largely untapped resource in developing countries, and the lack of formal employment opportunities for women represents a key challenge to economic growth and social prosperity. IFC tries to address this challenge by attempting to increase viable female work opportunities in target countries through both a dedicated Gender Unit that works on improving corporate governance and specific targeted investments. While securing jobs for women, general initiatives and investments help lessen the burden of female unemployment while striving toward an ultimate goal of poverty reduction in all of society. In 2008, IFC's client companies employed over 360,000 women across all regions and industries. From Jamaica to Cambodia, from services to manufacturing, IFC projects are helping draw women into the workforce to enhance not only their own livelihoods but economies at large. Women, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, play an integral role in much of the food produced and garments worn, yet boast very little decision-making power in comparison to their economic contribution to society. IFC not only focuses on creating jobs in labor-intensive industries, but also on creating environments in which formal, higher valueadded and higher-paying employment opportunities are made increasingly available to females. The overall ratio of female to total employment provided by our client companies for which data are available (459 out of 590, or 78 percent) was nearly 30% as of end 2008. This figure, however, contains significant underlying variations. Such discrepancies may be attributed to the challenges associated with extracting and collecting data from industries for which close monitoring of female statistics has only recently started. Further, sectoral distribution can affect the overall proportion of employed women in a region. Regional differences may also play a role, with some countries actually under-reporting, as they are still in the process of developing appropriate tools to easily retrieve and disseminate employment records.

2017

The paper analyses gender dimensions of global employment trends using the ILO’s Global Employment Trends data with a focus on unemployment, vulnerable employment, informal employment and sectoral change, specifically highlighting gender differences. The paper also explores gender dimensions of mega factors, such as demographic transition, environmental transformation, technological change, and globalization, which have substantial implications on the world of work. These factors will have gender differentiated impacts on the future scenario of both quantity and quality of employment. The paper also explores policy implications for the future of work from a gender perspective.

2016

The gender pay gap is one important indicator of gender differences in employment outcomes.

2019

Women’s work has undergone an evolutionary process over long years of history and examined under different feminist framework. Especially, there have been sea changes in the women’s work paradigm since the 1990s. The globalisation with the opening of economies, technological progress and improvement in communications facilities has made perceptible impact women’s pattern of work, particularly in the South Asian countries. Their pattern of work in the Indian labour market also has also changed over the years. Women’s employment has shifted from farm to non-farm sectors—modern services or industries—in the past two–three decades. In particular, women’s participation in regular paid non-farm modern services and industry such as information and communication technology, electronics and domestic workers in urban areas have increased significantly. Women’s participation in Indian labour market has shown a declining trend in the recent decade at overall level with the existing traditional ...

2009

Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication , 2019

As duality of universe like day and night exits for its movement of forwardness, the opposition of women and men is an undeniable element for running the society. In the history the gender impartiality has showed a significant role in the growth of economic and social development of the society. Because of that, calls for better balance between male and female participation become more feasible and sensible. Hence , in the backdrop of recent women friendly labour laws and old labour law's amendments like the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017, The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976,States's Shops and Establishments Acts and the central government liberalisation in the Factories Act, 1948, in 2015 and newly eased out policies of recruitment to allow women workers to work in underground coal mines, are being examined the women's labour participation position in the country. It resulted that to score, gender balance , not only the in workplace but at political, economic and social levels , generally depends on the evolution of the mind-set of the society, where should have the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender for economic participation, decision-making, valuing different behaviours, aspirations and needs with support of women-friendly policies and programme based on labour regulations and its proper implementation.