BIOGAS – A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

International journal of science & technoledge, 2023

Biogas: An Alternative Source of Energy for Developing Economy 1. Introduction One of the major challenges in the world today is the depletion of reserved fossil fuels, which is a cause of the increase in energy prices (Schnürer, 2016). There is an increase in energy demand due to the increased population, leading to high waste generation, deforestation and global warming (Biodun et al., 2021). Energy is a very important factor in any nation (Forgács, 2012). In a developing country like Nigeria, there is a corresponding increase in energy consumption demand (Aluko, 2018). A nation like Nigeria has an installed capacity of 12,522MW at the moment. However, it is operating at a capacity of 3,879MW while the estimated energy need is placed between 98,000MW and 160,000MW, leaving behind a huge generation gap (Sambo et al., 2012). As part of efforts to bridge the energy gap, the country has been investing in constructing various dams and even solar energy projects and exploiting other resources and potentials such as natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. However, these are not currently being utilized due to a lack of proper technologies and/or political will (Aluko, 2018). It has been suggested that Nigeria's energy demands can be met sustainably via the use of renewable energy, such as biogas (Adewuyi, 2020). Anika et al. (2019) reported that the use of renewable energy is highly advantageous because the sources of energy are readily available, cheap and do not require elaborate technology and importantly, the fuel generated is environmentally friendly. Renewable resources for energy production are becoming more important because the burning of fossil fuels leads to the release of CO2, a gas that is implicated in global warming (Samantha, 2020). The problem of global warming can be partly circumvented by the production of biogas from plants or waste materials in a biological process (Busic et al., 2018). Biogas is a flammable, smokeless, hygienic, colorless, odorless gas, but with odour when not desulfurized. It has an energy content of 37.3 MJ/m 3 , explosion limits of 6-12% in air, ignition temperature of 650-750°C, specific gravity of 0.847-1.004, and calorific value of 4740-7500 kcal/Nm 3 (Ali et al., 2013). Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable, clean, cheap, high-quality, and versatile fuel that is generated in digesters filled with feedstock. It is considered an alternative green energy resource and can be utilized for different energy services like heat, combined heat and power, or as car fuel (Ngan et al., 2020).

American Journal of Innovation in Science and Engineering

In Nigeria today, there is a lot of waste that is being generated on a daily basis. From Domestic wastes to kitchen wastes, poultry and livestock not excluded. Due to the current energy crisis and climate change, the country could benefit greatly from an alternative energy source which is eco-friendly, renewable, sustainable and efficient. This alternative energy source is called ‘’Biogas”. Biogas is formed by anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biogas can be produced from kitchen wastes, cow dungs, poultry, pig faeces, etc. These wastes from the Bio-digester can later be treated as a by-product to give a nutrient rich organic fertilizer that can be used in farmlands and gardens. This paper outlines the benefits of organic waste and its potentials for domestic as well as industrial use when compared to other conventional fuels. The selected organic wastes that were thoroughly analyzed in this research work are; Human excreta, Pig excreta, sheep and goat excreta, abattoir waste...

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014

The authors reviewed the global methods of biogas production, enrichment, compression and storage for energy generation and highlighted its potential application in meeting energy needs in developing countries, with emphasis on Nigeria. Biogas is becoming an increasingly important source of clean energy for rural and urban areas in developing countries, as can be seen by the increased construction of biodigesters. Biogas digester technology has been domesticated in Nigeria and a number of pilot biogas plants have been built with majority (over 75%) of operational Nigerian manure digesters on piggery, cattle farms or abattoirs. A trend is now seen among academic institutions in Nigeria in the design and construction of biogas digesters, for instance, the Usman Danfodio University Biogas Plant, the Obafemi Awolowo University plant, the University of Ibadan prototype (with a patent), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Private sector involvement, which shows increasing interest and availability of biogas technology. Biogas is a renewable fuel that is 60-70% methane and can be used to power household appliances and generate electricity using appropriate technologies. These technologies include Biogas digesters which are being used to collect farm animal waste and convert it to biogas through anaerobic bacterial processes. The biogas generated is enriched through a process of scrubbing to obtain at least 95% purity. The current research focus of the authors towards improving biogas yield, enrichment, compression and storage for use in Nigeria is discussed. The current findings indicate that there are economic advantages for the utilisation of biogas in developing countries like Nigeria.

2013

The world's growing energy consumption and limited fossil energy resources and the environmental impact of these materials on the one hand, the increase Tend to use renewable energy sources such as bio-gas energy in the world. Biogas by bacteria that cause decay, rot and break down organic materials in anaerobic conditions can be produced. Best places for optimal utilization of biogas in rural areas can be cited. Biogas contains about 70 percent methane gas extracted from the device and 30 percent carbon dioxide and contain small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. In addition to fuel rural biogas recovery, biogas system with a by product of the fertilizer is rich. Compared with normal manure fermented manure ammonia and phosphorus by 120 percent to 150 percent increased efficacious resistant parasite Ascaris worms or intestinal worms that after 180 days of staying alive, staying instrument biogas power is reduced to 20%. Chinese model biogas system has the best conditi...

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

This chapter demonstrates a biogas renewable energy resource potential study for electric power generation from easily available biogas feedstock materials in four selected case study sites. Under this study, the site used in the model is a rural Kebele in Jama Woreda at 10.548°N, 39.33°E. The common biogas feedstocks considered under this study are animal slurry, human feces and jatropha byproducts whereas the biodiesel is considered from jatropha seed.

The associated harmful environmental, health and social effects with the use of traditional biomass and fossil fuel has enhanced the growing interest in the search for alternate cleaner source of energy globally. Ghana, a developing country depends heavy on woodfuel as a source of fuel contributing about 72% of the primary energy supply with crude oil and hydro making up the rest. Biogas generation has simply been seen as a by-product of anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Having proven to be a practicable and promising technology, it has been very successful and a very reliable and clean source of energy when proper management programmes are followed. There are vast biomass resources including organic waste in Ghana that have the potential for use as feedstock for biogas production to reduce the over reliance of woodfuel and fossil fuel, and to help reduce the it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions which may be affecting climate change. Ghana having the technical potential of constructing about 278,000 biogas plants, only a little over 100 biogas plants has so far been established. This paper presents the energy situation and the status of the biogas technology and utilization in Ghana. It also presents the potential benefits, prospects and challenges of the biogas technology. 5 Mesophilic temperature range. 6 Calorific value of biogas: 6 kWh/m 3 [17] and this corresponds to about half a litre of diesel oil [12]. R. Arthur et al. / Renewable Energy xxx (2010) 1e7 4

Energy & Environment, 1996

The problem of energy crisis continues to reverberate in many of the developing countries. In Nigeria, the majority of families living in villages and small towns depend on wood as their domestic fuel. This is because other conventional fuels such as kerosene, electricity and LPG are costly, unreliable or unavailable. Because of the serious environmental effects fuelwood harvesting poses, other cheaper, environment-friendly renewable energy sources such as biogas should be sought. This short review paper explores the potentials for and feasibility of biogas production in Nigeria where the technology is not yet adopted, and recommends how to make it viable in the country.

Energy security, socioeconomic growth and environmental protection are the national energy policy drivers of any country of the world today. The World Energy Forum has predicted that fossil-based oil, coal, and gas reserves is on the decline due to increase in energy demand. Despite advancements in modern technology, a larger population living in the rural areas in sub-Saharan countries use biomass in their traditional means for domestic cooking, heating and lighting. However, this rises severe environmental and health issues. An alternative source of renewable energy with abundant availability of biomass in sub-Saharan Africa will be biogas. Biogas is a sustainable and affordable renewable energy fuel and is environmentally safe in reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) during combustion. However, there exist many challenges in biogas production and utilization, which includes high operation costs, high energy consuming processes, lack of sufficient government policy, and public-private partnership support. In addition, a concerted effort from all stakeholders are essential to facilitate the installation of small and medium biodigesters to harness the inherent potential that is currently not utilised. This review highlights the relevance of biogas technology in tune with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) laid by the United Nations to make biogas a futuristic bioenergy for the well-being and prosperity of people living in sub-Saharan countries.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the production processes of biogas as an alternative energy source. Biogas is generated from biomass by digestion under anaerobic conditions in the presence of microorganisms in three stages involved in the combined anaerobic digestion process. The biogas produced in anaerobic digestors could contain methane concentrations upto 80% by volume. This system can be integrated with the agricultural waste to produce biogas and small play an important role in improving residential sanitation and economical development in rural areas.