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2002, Acta Arithmetica
AI
This work explores a quantitative refinement of the Lagrange spectrum associated with irrational numbers. Building upon the foundational results established by Markoff and Hurwitz, the paper examines improved bounds for inequalities that describe the distribution of certain positive integers q relative to irrational numbers. The authors introduce a sequence of best possible constants related to the Lagrange spectrum and establish new results regarding the existence of multiple solutions to associated inequalities. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationships between irrational numbers and Diophantine approximations.
Formalized Mathematics, 2017
SummaryIn the article we present in the Mizar system [1], [2] the formalized proofs for Hurwitz’ theorem [4, 1891] and Minkowski’s theorem [5]. Both theorems are well explained as a basic result of the theory of Diophantine approximations appeared in [3], [6]. A formal proof of Dirichlet’s theorem, namely an inequation |θ−y/x| ≤ 1/x2has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y) where θ is an irrational number, was given in [8]. A finer approximation is given by Hurwitz’ theorem: |θ− y/x|≤ 1/√5x2. Minkowski’s theorem concerns an inequation of a product of non-homogeneous binary linear forms such that |a1x + b1y + c1| · |a2x + b2y + c2| ≤ ∆/4 where ∆ = |a1b2− a2b1| ≠ 0, has at least one integer solution.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1984
Siegel's results [Siegel, C. L. (1929) Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys.-Math. Kl. 1] on the transcendence and algebraic independence of values of E -functions are refined to obtain the best possible bound for the measures of irrationality and linear independence of values of arbitrary E -functions at rational points. Our results show that values of E -functions at rational points have measures of diophantine approximations typical to “almost all” numbers. In particular, any such number has the “2 + ε” exponent of irrationality: ǀΘ - p / q ǀ > ǀ q ǀ -2-ε for relatively prime rational integers p,q , with q ≥ q 0 (Θ, ε). These results answer some problems posed by Lang. The methods used here are based on the introduction of graded Padé approximations to systems of functions satisfying linear differential equations with rational function coefficients. The constructions and proofs of this paper were used in the functional (nonarithmetic case) in a previous paper [Chudnovsky, D. V. &...
Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 2003
This paper studies the spectrum that results when all height one polynomials are evaluated at a Pisot number. This continues the research theme initiated by Erdős, Joó and Komornik in 1990. Of particular interest is the minimal non-zero value of this spectrum. Formally, this value is denoted as l 1 (q), and this definition is extended to all height m polynomials as l m (q) := inf(|y| : y = 0 + 1 q 1 + . . . + n q n , i ∈ Z, | i | 6 m, y = 0).
Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 1982
Journal of Number Theory, 2007
for which U n can be square. They characterize fully the instances when U n = ✷, for n = 2, 3, 6. Bremner & Tzanakis [1] extend these results by determining all Lucas sequences {U n (P, Q)} with U 12 = ✷, subject only to the restriction that gcd(P, Q) = 1 (it turns out that the Fibonacci sequence provides the only example). Under the same hypothesis, all Lucas sequences with {U n (P, Q)} with U 9 = ✷ are determined. There seems little mention in the literature of when under general hypotheses U n (P, Q) can be a perfect square. It is straightforward to see from Theorem 1 of Darmon and Granville [7] that for n sufficiently large (n ≥ 11 certainly suffices), the equation U n (P, Q) = ✷ can have only finitely many solutions for coprime P, Q. Note that for n ≥ 1, U n (kP, k 2 Q) = k n−1 U n (P, Q), and so for fixed P , Q, and even n, appropriate choice of k gives a sequence with U n (kP, k 2 Q) a perfect square. The restriction to gcd(P, Q) = 1 is therefore a sensible one, and we shall assume this from now on. Rather curiously, a small computer search reveals sequences with U n (P, Q) a perfect square only for n = 0,. .. , 8, and n = 12. In this paper, we shall dispose of this range of n. Bremner & Tzanakis [1] have addressed the cases n = 9, 12. Section 2 of this paper addresses the case U n (P, Q) = ✷, n ≤ 7, which can be treated entirely elementarily. Section 3 addresses the cases U n (P, Q) = ✷, 8 ≤ n ≤ 11. In these instances, we deduce a finite collection of curves, whose rational points cover all required solutions. In turn, this reduces to a number of problems of similar type, namely, finding all points on an elliptic curve defined over a number field K subject to a "Q-rationality" condition on the X-coordinate. Nils Bruin has powerful techniques for addressing this type of problem, and [2], [3], [4], [5] provide details and examples. See in particular §4 of [5] for development of the underlying mathematics. The latest release of Magma [9] now contains Bruin's routines and so we only set up the appropriate computation here, with details of the Magma programs available on request. The results of Sections 2, 3, when combined with the results of Bremner & Tzanakis [1] give the following theorem:
Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal, 1999
2012
Following a statement of the well-known Erdýos-Turan conjecture, Erdýos mentioned the following even stronger conjecture: if the n-th term an of a sequence A of positive integers is bounded byn 2 , for some positive real constant �, then the number of representations of n as a sum of two terms from A is an unbounded function of n. Here we show that if an differs fromn 2 (or from a quadratic polynomial with rational coefficientsq(n)) by at most o( √ logn), then the number of representations function is indeed unbounded.
Periodica Mathematica Hungarica, 2006
The periodicity of sequences of integers (an) n∈Z satisfying the inequalities 0 ≤ a n−1 + λan + a n+1 < 1 (n ∈ Z)
Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics, 2006
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2013
1997
Given an irrational number α and a positive integer m, the distinct fractional parts of α, 2α, · · · , mα determine a partition of the interval [0, 1]. Defining dα(m) and d α (m) to be the maximum and minimum lengths, respectively, of the subintervals of the partition corresponding to the integer m, it is shown that the sequence dα(m) d α (m) ∞ m=1 is bounded if and only if α is of constant type. (The proof of this assertion is based on the continued fraction expansion of irrational numbers.) Received July 25, 1997. Mathematics Subject Classification. 11A55.
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 1966
Introduction. The study of the values at rational points of transcendental functions defined by linear differential equations with coefficients in Q[z] (2) can be traced back to Hurwitz [1] who showed that if ,. , 1 z 1 z2 Az) = l+-b-lT+WTa)2l +where « is a positive integer, b is an integer, and b\a is not a negative integer, then for all nonzero z in Q((-1)1/2) the number y'(z)jy(z) is not in g((-1)1/2). Ratner [2] proved further results. Then Hurwitz [3] generalized his previous results to show that if nZ) ,+g(0) 1! +g(0)-g(l)2! + where f(z) and g(z) are in Q[z\, neither f(z) nor g(z) has a nonnegative integral zero, and degree (/(z)) < degree (g(z)) = r, then for all nonzero z in the imaginary quadratic field Q((-n)1'2) two of the numbers y(z),y(l)(z),-,yir\z) have a ratio which is not in Q((-n)112). Perron [4], Popken [5], C. L. Siegel [6], and K. Mahler [7] have obtained important results in this area. In this paper we shall use a generalization of the method which was developed by Mahler [7] to study the approximation of the logarithms of algebraic numbers by rational and algebraic numbers. Definition. Let K denote the field Q((-n)i/2) for some nonnegative integer «. Definition. For any monic 0(z) in AT[z] of degree k > 0 and such that 6(z) has no positive integral zeros we define the entire function oo d f(z)= £-. d^O d n oc«)
In this note, we show that if α is a real number such that there exist a constant c and a sequence of non-zero integers (rn)n≥0 with limn→∞ |rn| = 1 for which �� �α rn+1 rn � � � < c |rn|2 holds for all n � 0, then either α 2 Z\{0, ±1} or α is a quadratic unit. Our result complements results obtained by P. Kiss who established the converse in Period. Math. Hungar. 11 (1980), 281-187.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1984
This paper is devoted to the study of the arithmetic properties of values of G -functions introduced by Siegel [Siegel, C. L. (1929) Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys.-Math. Kl. 1]. One of the main results is a theorem on the linear independence of values of G -functions at rational points close to the origin. In this theorem, no conditions are imposed on the p -adic convergence of a G -function at a generic point. The theorem finally realizes Siegel's program on G -function values outlined in his paper.
Mathematics and Statistics, 2022
In this work we obtain bounds for the sum of the integer solutions of quadratic polynomials of two variables of the form P = (10x + 9)(10y + 9) or P = (10x + 1)(10y + 1) or P = (10x + 7)(10y + 3) where P is a given natural number that ends in one. This allows us to decide the primality of a natural number P that ends in one. Also we get some results on twin prime numbers. In addition, we use special linear functionals defined on a real Hilbert space of dimension n, n ≥ 2 , in which the relation is obtained: a 1 + a 2 + • • • + a n = λ[a 2 1 + • • • + a 2 n ], where a i is a real number for i = 1, ..., n. When n = 3 or n = 2 we manage to address Fermat's Last Theorem and the equation x 4 + y 4 = z 4 , proving that both equations do not have positive integer solutions. For n = 2, the Cauchy-Schwartz Theorem and Young's inequality were proved in an original way.
Formalized Mathematics, 2015
In this article we formalize some results of Diophantine approximation, i.e. the approximation of an irrational number by rationals. A typical example is finding an integer solution (x, y) of the inequality |xθ − y| ≤ 1/x, where 0 is a real number. First, we formalize some lemmas about continued fractions. Then we prove that the inequality has infinitely many solutions by continued fractions. Finally, we formalize Dirichlet’s proof (1842) of existence of the solution [12], [1].
Fibonacci Quart., to appear
Journal of Number Theory, 2002
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