ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS IN MICE

2020

Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a traditional herb that has been reported to have a lot of medicinal values. This study was designed to observe the effects of S. platensis on different types of pain and inflammation in comparison to diclofenac sodium. Three groups of Long Evans rats (n=21in each group) of both sexes were used. Group I was treated orally with normal saline (5ml/kg/day for 21 days), group II was treated with diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group III with S. platensis (400mg/kg/day for 21 days). Effects of S. platensis on pain were assessed by tail immersion test (nociception pain), formalin test (nociception and inflammatory pain), Von Frey test (neuropathic pain) and the effects on inflammation were assessed by formalin induced paw edema test. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of rats' stomachs were done to observe anti-ulcerogenic effect. S. platensis showed potent (statistically significant) analgesic effects in all 3 models of pain ...

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist, 2021

Background: In treatment of neuropathic pain, conventional analgesics showed various adverse effects. Spirulina platensis (Sp), a medicinal herb, shown to possess several beneficiary biological activities including analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic potential. Objectives: To assess the effect of Sp on neuropathic pain in Wistar rats and also to assess the involvement of ATP sensitive potassium channel (K ATP) as its possible underlying mechanism of action. Methods: For this experimental study 120 Wistar rats of both sexes (200±50 gm body weight) were grouped into control [normal saline (NS) 5 ml/kg/day], sham control [sham surgery + NS], CCI control [Chronic constriction injury to sciatic nerve (CCI) + NS], Sp experimental [CCI + Sp 400 mg/kg/day], Gli experimental [CCI + Sp (400 ml/kg/day) + glibenclamide (15 mg/kg)] groups. Sp and NS were administered orally once daily for consecutive 21 days and single dose of glibenclamide was given intraperitoneally. Then again on the basis of neuropathic pain evaluation tests, all the groups were subdivided into 'a' (for walking track analysis), 'b' (for cold tail immersion test), 'c' (for von Frey test), 'd' (for hot plate test). The statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test, where Pd0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: In this study, Sp showed significantly (Pd0.001) higher sciatic functional index, tail flick latency, paw withdrawal threshold and reaction time in Sp experimental rats compared to those of CCI control rats. In addition, there were significant (Pd0.001) differences in the above-mentioned variables between rats of Sp experimental group and Gli experimental group. Conclusion: From the present study it could be concluded that, Spirulina platensis prevents the development of neuropathic pain in Wistar rats through opening of K ATP channel.

Journal of Functional Foods, 2020

The management of pain is a world health issue. Available painkillers induce undesired side effects and are sometimes inefficient. Spirulina biomass has promoted anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical and clinical trials. This work characterizes the antinociceptive properties of Spirulina platensis LEB-18 biomass (SP-LEB18) and their mechanisms of action. In the CFA model in mice, SP-LEB18 reduced paw edema and mechanical allodynia, confirming its anti-inflammatory action and showing its antinociceptive activity. Cytokines levels were evaluated by ELISA; SP-LEB18 promoted an increase of IL-10 levels and a reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β levels. SP-LEB18 promoted centrally mediated antinociception, as indicated by the tail flick test. When the same set of experiments was conducted with IL-10 knockout mice, the antinociception was still detected in the tail flick test, but not in the CFA model. Pretreatment with naloxone abolished the effect of SP-LEB18, demonstrating a pure antinociceptive action of Spirulina biomass via the opioid system.

Journal of Pain Research, 2020

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a common consequence of diabetes. Hyperalgesia is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. In response to noxious stimuli, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats show exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior, while Spirulina platensis has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-like effects. To assess the antinociceptive effect of oral Spirulina platensis (SP) powder on formalin-induced nociceptive responses in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Sixty mature male albino rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups (10 in each group). Group 1 (control non-diabetic group) received 0.9% saline; group 2 was given oral pure SP powder-treated as a non-diabetic control group, group 3 was sodium salicylate-treated rats and used as a positive non-diabetic control group, group 4 managed as vehicle-treated diabetic rats, group 5 considered as SP-treated-diabetic group, and sodium salicylate-treated-diabetic rats used as a diabetic positive control group (group 6). STZdiabetic rats were orally given SP in a dose of 500 mg kg/day for 1 month. The formalin test was implemented in two phases: the early phase in the first 10-min post-formalin injection, and the late phase was considered in the 15-60 min post-formalin injection time interval. Results: Pain scores were increased in the diabetic groups during both phases of the experiment. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in diabetic rats that received oral SP, P < 0.01. Besides, SP-treated rats had lower pain scores during both phases of the experiment than untreated diabetic ones. However, in the sodium salicylate group, the pain score was reduced only during the second phase. An exaggerated nociceptive response occurred in diabetic rats after the formalin test. A significant antinociceptive effect appeared in SPtreated control and diabetic rats. Discussion: The findings suggest that oral Spirulina platensis could have a potential therapeutic role for managing induced painful diabetic neuropathy in rats.

Journal of Pain Research

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a common consequence of diabetes. Hyperalgesia is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. In response to noxious stimuli, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats show exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior, while Spirulina platensis has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-like effects. To assess the antinociceptive effect of oral Spirulina platensis (SP) powder on formalin-induced nociceptive responses in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Sixty mature male albino rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups (10 in each group). Group 1 (control non-diabetic group) received 0.9% saline; group 2 was given oral pure SP powder-treated as a non-diabetic control group, group 3 was sodium salicylate-treated rats and used as a positive non-diabetic control group, group 4 managed as vehicle-treated diabetic rats, group 5 considered as SP-treated-diabetic group, and sodium salicylate-treated-diabetic rats used as a diabetic positive control group (group 6). STZdiabetic rats were orally given SP in a dose of 500 mg kg/day for 1 month. The formalin test was implemented in two phases: the early phase in the first 10-min post-formalin injection, and the late phase was considered in the 15-60 min post-formalin injection time interval. Results: Pain scores were increased in the diabetic groups during both phases of the experiment. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in diabetic rats that received oral SP, P < 0.01. Besides, SP-treated rats had lower pain scores during both phases of the experiment than untreated diabetic ones. However, in the sodium salicylate group, the pain score was reduced only during the second phase. An exaggerated nociceptive response occurred in diabetic rats after the formalin test. A significant antinociceptive effect appeared in SPtreated control and diabetic rats. Discussion: The findings suggest that oral Spirulina platensis could have a potential therapeutic role for managing induced painful diabetic neuropathy in rats.

PloS one, 2015

Currently, natural products have built a well-recognized role in the management of many degenerative diseases, mainly rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies suggest that Spirulina, a unicellular blue-green alga, may have a variety of health benefits and curative properties and is also competent of acting as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and recently anti-angiogenic agent. In the present study, the antioxidant and the immunomodulatory effect of Spirulina platensis as well as its anti-angiogenic effect against complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rat model were tested. We found that the development of arthritis was concealed; moreover it successfully inhibited the development of macroscopic as well as microscopic and histopathological lesions in AIA rats when compared to control. Spirulina treated group showed a higher survival rate and moreover, it reduced the clinical score of RA in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, Spirulina decreased serum levels of COX-...

Biomolecules, 2021

Spirulina platensis is a “super-food” and has attracted researchers’ attention due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. Herein, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of Spirulina in different rodent behavior models of inflammatory pain. Male Swiss mice were treated with Spirulina (3–300 mg/kg, p.o.), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl 10 mL/kg). Behavioral tests were performed with administration of acetic acid (0.6%, i.p.), formalin 2.7% (formaldehyde 1%, i.pl.), menthol (1.2 µmol/paw, i.pl.), cinnamaldehyde (10 nmol/paw, i.pl.), capsaicin (1.6 µg/paw, i.pl.), glutamate (20 µmol/paw, i.pl.), or naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were also exposed to the rotarod and open field test to determine possible effects of Spirulina on locomotion and motor coordination. The quantitative phytochemical assays exhibited that Spirulina contains significant concentrations of total phenols and flavonoid contents, as well as it showed a powerfu...

Biomedical Research and Therapy

Background: It has been revealed that herbal medicines have a palliative effect on pain. In the present study, the hypoalgesic effect of Spirulina platensis (microalgae) on the neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) was investigated. Methods: In the present study, 74 adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 grams were used. For inducing neuropathic pain, CCI was performed on the left sciatic nerve. Spirulina platensis was intragastrically administered daily for 3 weeks. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed by Von Frey hairs and plantar test device, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TOC) were detected in the serum using thiobarbituric acid and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), respectively. Results: CCI of the sciatic nerve led to mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia at three weeks as well as two weeks post surgery. Three weeks of Spirulina therapy significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased paw w...

Asian Journal of Biological and Life sciences, 2022

Recent Research focused on bio therapeutic has wide range of application in medicinal field due to its activity and enormous nutritional values. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the blue green algae, Spirulina for their anti-bacterial, antioxidant, hemolytic, anti-diabetics and screening of phytochemical constituents. By disc diffusion method the four extracts (chloroform, hexane, petroleum ether and acetic acid) of Spirulina were screened for antibacterial activity against four pathogenic micro-organisms. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH method (free radical scavenging activity). The hemolytic activity was determined by using ELISA plate assay. In-vitro anti diabetic activity (Alpha amylase enzyme inhibition activity) of potential phytochemical constituents was determined qualitatively. The acetic acid extract of Spirulina showed significant anti-microbial activity among the different extracts tested. The most susceptible microorganism was found to be gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas sp). DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Spirulina was found to be increase with its concentration. 2.303 ± 0.5 microgram of Spirulina was found in 20% concentration of ethanol extract. Spirulina was up to inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase that was dose dependent and also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Hence the present study shows that all the extracts of blue green algae of Spirulina have wide range of therapeutic effects.

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2006

We have investigated the possible antinociceptive action of the extract, fractions and pure compounds obtained from the whole plant Polygala sabulosa A. W. Bennett (Polygalaceae) in acetic acid-induced visceral pain in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of animals with the hydroalcoholic extract and fractions (CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOAc, n-BuOH, aqueous fraction) (1-100 mg kg − 1 ) caused a doserelated and significant inhibition of the acetic acid-induced visceral nociceptive response. The CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions were more potent than the hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous fraction. The isolated compounds dihydrostyryl-2-pyrones , styryl-2-pyrone , ␣-spinasterol (9), scopoletin (10) and two esters of the coumarin (scopoletin) obtained semisynthetically, acetylscopoletin (10a) and benzoylscopoletin (10b) (0.001-10 mg kg − 1 ), exhibited significant and doserelated antinociceptive effects against acetic acid-induced visceral pain. The results distinguished, for the first time, the extract, fractions and pure compounds obtained from P. sabulosa that produced marked antinociception against the acetic acid-induced visceral nociceptive response, supporting the ethnomedical use of P. sabulosa.