10.21276ijee.2017.10.0232.pdf

International Journal of Enviornment and Climate Change, 2023

Groundwater is one of the most precious and significant sources of water in the world. The understanding of groundwater level variability and trend is crucial for water resources planning in a region. The present study was conducted in the Kalpathypuzha sub-basin of Bharathapuzha. The variability of ground water levels was analyzed using various descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis. The groundwater level trend was estimated using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Twelve observation wells evenly distributed in the blocks of Kuzhalmannam, Palakkad, Malampuzha and Chittur blocks of Palakkad districts in Kerala were selected for the study. The results of variability analysis showed that, the highest mean monthly groundwater level of 139.1 m was found for the well 139 of Chittur block in September and the lowest mean monthly groundwater level of 61.5 m was found for the well 129 of Palakkad block in September. The highest mean annual groundwater level was 138.9 m in the year 2007 for the well 139 of Chittur block and the lowest was 62.1 m in the year 2016 for the well 129 of

Despite sufficient rainfall, a large portion of the north-east region of India suffers from water scarcity during dry seasons and during dry periods groundwater acts as the important source of water supply. Therefore, proper assessment of groundwater condition at a district/block level is necessary. In this study, an attempt has been made to present groundwater condition at five sites, viz., Harshumukh, Santir Bazar, Gorjee Bazar, Subroom and Udaipur sites located in the South Tripura district of north-east India. With the available temporal groundwater-level and rainfall data at these five sites for the 2005-2013 period, the ‘dynamic groundwater reserve’ (DGWR) has been estimated to explore groundwater dynamics in the study area. The results of the study indicated that the maximum groundwater fluctuation was in the range of 0.89 to 3.6 m and minimum -2.91 to 0.19 m in the study area. The trend analysis showed that there is an increasing trend of groundwater level at Gorjee Bazar, Subroom and Udaipur site and a decreasing trend at Harshumukh site. Further, the DGWR results showed that two sites (Harshumukh and Santir Bazar) were overexploited in during 2005-2007 years, and the situation improved in subsequent years due to the occurrence of highest rainfall in the study area in the year 2007. Thus, the results of this study provide a clear picture of spatial and temporal variations of dynamic groundwater resources in the study area, based on which important recommendations are made for managing the scarce groundwater resources of the study area in a sustainable manner.

The use of groundwater is increasing day by day for domestic, commercial, industrial and irrigation use with limited availability and increasing demand of surface water. Groundwater has gained importance in India's agriculture and drinking water security. The availability of groundwater varies spatially and temporally. Groundwater is a finite resource that cannot be exploited indiscriminately. Due to excessive abstraction of groundwater, the groundwater levels are depleting fast in many areas. Nearly 92% area of the Maharashtra state is occupied by the hard rock. These hard rocks have poor ground water yielding capacity restricting the availability OF groundwater. Maharashtra State comprise of 0.42% arid area and 61.61% semi-arid area. For the sustainable use of groundwater, it is essential to manage and regulate the use of groundwater. For the effective management and regulation of groundwater, it is essential to quantify the groundwater periodically. The periodic assessment of groundwater helps in locating the groundwater exploited areas and the poor groundwater quality areas. These periodic assessments help the State agencies to finalize the area specific policies/plans/schemes to address water scarcity issues and to mitigate the draught. This paper tries to address, state specific intrinsic conditions required for the Dynamic Groundwater Assessments and the proactive actions needed to address the issues cropped up as an outcome of the past assessments in corelation with the factors influencing groundwater abstraction, in a semi-arid hard rock terrain of Maharashtra. INTRODUCTION: Water is coming under increasing stress due to increased population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and economic growth. This leads to over-use/depletion, abuse, waste, scarcity, pollution and overall unsustainability of the resource itself. In order to face the challenge of water shortages, protection, conservation, regulation & efficient management of water is vital. Availability of water is finite. Rainfall is unevenly distributed with respect to time and space. The available utilizable water resources are insufficient to meet all future needs. Water is required for domestic, agricultural, industrial, hydro/thermal power, navigation, recreation, etc. Consciousness about the efficient use of water, its life sustaining & economic value, needs to be instilled amongst the citizens. Due to limitations of the surface water availability, locally available Groundwater is the only option for various uses. The timing and volume of abstraction of groundwater can be decided individually, without much need of infrastructure. This freedom of abstraction has resulted in lowering of groundwater table in many areas underlining the need of its proper management. For the effective management of groundwater, its periodic assessment is necessary. In Maharashtra, the periodic dynamic assessment of groundwater is being carried out by Central Ground Water Board of Government of India in association with Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency of Government of Maharashtra. The recent joint groundwater assessments in Maharashtra were carried out in the years 2004, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2017. The outcome of these assessments signifies the necessity of remedial measures needed in the management of not only the groundwater resources but also the surface water resources in the Maharashtra State.

Applied Water Science, 2022

Scarcity of groundwater is a severe problem in this region due to over exploitation of groundwater from unconfined hard rock aquifers. The main objectives of this study are to analyse the spatiotemporal variability and fluctuation of groundwater table and to predict the location of groundwater depression pockets. Total 21 consecutive years (1996–2017) groundwater monitoring well data (pre- and post-monsoon) have been collected from CGWB, Government of India. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall trend analysis and standardized precipitation index (SPI) have been applied to detect the trend of groundwater level and rainfall variability, respectively. Exponential smoothing has also been fitted for future prediction. The pre- and post-monsoon results (1996–2017) showed that around 77% (22 stations) and 78% (23) monitoring stations were indicating declining trend of groundwater table at the rate of −0.006 to −0.205 m/year and −0.005 to −0.192 m/year, respectively. Similarly, future (2040) grou...

Kerala is blessed with high rainfall and abundant surface water resources. In spite of these, the ground water resources of the State are rather limited due to its characteristic geomorphic setting and nature of the underlying geological formations. Ground water levels in the phreatic aquifers are shallow during both pre-and post monsoon seasons in the major part of the State. The level of ground water development in the State is also low compared to neighboring States. Recent trends in urbanization and changes in land use as well as cropping patterns have the potential to reduce both natural recharge into the aquifers and the extraction of ground water for irrigation, affecting the ground water scenario in the State. The possible changes in the water resource scenario due to global warming and climate change also have serious implications for Kerala. Increased emphasis on efficient use of available water and implementation of rainwater harvesting either for direct use or recharge in targeted areas are necessary to arrest or minimize the anticipated impact on the water resources of the State.

The yield characteristics of shallow aquifers in hard consolidated rocks, which underlie a major part India and form important aquifer systems, are severely limited by their considerable heterogeneity and extremely low capabilities for storing and transmitting economic quantities of ground water. These constraints, coupled with the everincreasing need for water to satisfy the requirements of a spiraling population, has resulted in the proliferation of ground water abstraction structures without due regard to spacing norms and environmental considerations. The adverse environmental consequences accompanying this phenomenon, such as de-saturation of shallow aquifer zones and drying up of wells are often further aggravated by the increasing ground water extraction from a large number of medium and deep bore wells tapping fracture zones in hydraulic connection with the weathered zone. The properties that limit the yield of aquifers also impose severe constraints on the scope for augmentation of resources in depleted aquifers through artificial recharge techniques.

2014

The area under study is facing a major problem of depletion of groundwater level due to various reasons including erratic fluctuations in rainfall leading to excessive withdrawn of subsurface water for agricultural and drinking purpose. Groundwater forms an important source of water supply for agriculture in this region. Major part of the area, during both pre and post monsoon periods show declining trends of groundwater level. The aim of present study to recommended the preventive and mitigates measure for improvement the groundwater resources in the area.

Hydrogeology hard rock aquifer system is very complex and the occurrence and movement of groundwater mainly controlled by secondary porosity developed from the weathering and structural deformity undergone by the rocks. The study area forms part of the poly-metamorphic and multistructural Archaean complex is underlain by crystalline formations consists of charnockite and hornblende biotite gneiss. There are major aquifer units delineated in the watershed based on the aquifer parameters and water level behaviour. The aquifer units are weathered aquifers and fractured aquifers, depth of weathered and fractured aquifers in the study area ranged between 2 to 29 m and 29 to 185 m respectively. The weathered aquifer contains water during monsoon season and becomes dry whereas the fractured aquifers yield water and four to five sets of fractures encountered in the aquifer system. 103 monitoring stations were established for groundwater level monitoring and carried out pre-and post-monsoon water level measurements. The depth to water levels in observation wells tapping aquifer during pre monsoon ranged between 10.90 m.bgl and 25.30 m.bgl and during post monsoon ranged between 12 and 31.20 m.bgl. The water table elevation map was prepared using the reduced levels for the monitoring stations to know the groundwater flow direction in the watershed. The map reveals that groundwater flow direction is from southwest to east/north-east direction. Based on Darcy's equation, the rate of flow of groundwater in the aquifer system depends on the hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity. The total amount of groundwater flowing through aquifer system in the watershed is 4.36 cubic meters per second.

Excellent Publishing House, 2016

Groundwater scenario of Govindgarh area of Rewa district Madhya Pradesh is discussed assessment and management of groundwater resources is important for their optimum utilization and to avoid any adverse effects. Management of groundwater resources is simple when natural recharge is more than the abstraction. However, when the aquifer approaches full development, the management problems increase significantly. Abstraction more than natural recharge leads to decline in groundwater-levels which causes uneconomic pumping lifts, land subsidence and so on. On the other hand, extensive use of surface water for irrigation may cause water logging and salinization of water and soil. The area, a sedimentary rock becomes water stressed during summer months. The study Total area population is 10,547. Average annual rainfall in 1,143.49 mm. Average water table fluctuation 3.83 Mts. Pre-monsoon water table trend falling (6.34 m/year) while Post-monsoon water table trend falling (3.45 m/year) and Balance available for future development. Suitable management plans are necessary to control water crisis. Dug wells need to be preferred in certain areas. Water entitlement rights need to be in government control. Every citizen has right to use water but not right to own water. Periodic monitoring of groundwater quality is necessary to ensure safe drinking water.

Hydrogeology hard rock aquifer system is very complex and the occurrence and movement of groundwater mainly controlled by secondary porosity developed from the weathering and structural deformity undergone by the rocks. The study area forms part of the poly-metamorphic and multistructural Archaean complex is underlain by crystalline formations consists of charnockite and hornblende biotite gneiss. There are major aquifer units delineated in the watershed based on the aquifer parameters and water level behaviour. The aquifer units are weathered aquifers and fractured aquifers, depth of weathered and fractured aquifers in the study area ranged between 2 to 29 m and 29 to 185 m respectively. The weathered aquifer contains water during monsoon season and becomes dry whereas the fractured aquifers yield water and four to five sets of fractures encountered in the aquifer system. 103 monitoring stations were established for groundwater level monitoring and carried out pre-and post-monsoon water level measurements. The depth to water levels in observation wells tapping aquifer during pre monsoon ranged between 10.90 m.bgl and 25.30 m.bgl and during post monsoon ranged between 12 and 31.20 m.bgl. The water table elevation map was prepared using the reduced levels for the monitoring stations to know the groundwater flow direction in the watershed. The map reveals that groundwater flow direction is from southwest to east/north-east direction. Based on Darcy's equation, the rate of flow of groundwater in the aquifer system depends on the hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity. The total amount of groundwater flowing through aquifer system in the watershed is 4.36 cubic meters per second.