Decay INTERCIENCIA

Interciencia, 2011

Latin American Research Review, 2017

In spite of important recent work on the history of technology and the dynamics of technological change in Latin America, the literature in this field remains relatively undeveloped. In part, this is due to a relative scarcity of available sources for research. This research note argues that national patenting records offer an important and as yet untapped source for a wide range of studies on technology and technological change. It announces the creation of major new comprehensive data sets of patent records in several Latin American countries, part of a larger, ongoing project to compile and make publically accessible patenting records across the region. We provide an introduction to the history of patents in Latin America, followed by a discussion of the use (and misuse) of patents as historical evidence and recent advances in collecting and using patent evidence in Latin America. A pesar de la existencia de trabajos recientes valiosos sobre la historia de la tecnología y la dinámica del cambio tecnológico en América Latina, la literatura de este campo se mantiene relativamente sin desarrollo. En parte, esto se debe a la escasez relativa de fuentes disponibles para la investigación. El presente artículo de investigación sostiene que los registros nacionales de patentes ofrecen una fuente importante y aún sin explotar para una amplia gama de estudios sobre la tecnología y el cambio tecnológico. Esto anuncia la creación de nuevos e importantes conjuntos exhaustivos de datos de registros de patentes en varios países de América Latina, como parte de un proyecto en curso, de mayor envergadura, para compilar y hacer accesible al público los registros de toda la región. Aquí aportamos una introducción sobre la historia de las patentes en América Latina, seguida de un análisis del uso (y abuso) de las patentes como evidencia histórica y de los avances recientes en la recopilación y uso de las pruebas extraídas de patentes en América Latina.

1997

This article attempts to analyze two historical moments in the evolution of Venezuela's scientific community. Both these periods can be summed up by the Spanish word emergencia, whose double meaning-emergence and emergency-allows us to draw a path from its origins to the present crises along an elliptical path. Thus, Venezuela's scientific community will be studied at two moments in its history-first, when it emerged, looking at the conditions surrounding its birth; and second, in the present crisis, within a context of changing social 'paradigms'. Thus, this chapter will proceed to analyze the scientific community from its emergence to its state of emergency.' One central explanatory theme runs throughout this essay: the link between science and production which constituted a basic and constant desire during the formation of the scientific community, its practices, styles, its world image, as well as in its changing relationships with society. The chapter is divided into two parts. The first is a brief socio-historical outline of the processes of emergence, institutionalization and crisis which have conformed Venezuela's scientific community. Hence, the intention is to show that since its origins as a community of scientific researchers, local science has been constructed upon a socially, politically, economically, and even culturally, weak basis from which it has tried to grow and m~l t i p l y .~ Thus, we would like to show the diverse scientific styles which have been forged in the confrontation between the actors of scientific and technological practice on the one hand, and the social, political and economic space in which they were embedded on the other. In the transcourse of this confrontation, a new important political space was created in Venezuela, namely, that of science policy. The second part, as will be explained in more detail, is based on two empirical investigations: one on entrepreneurs' attitudes when facing technological change and the other on the main characteristics of the behaviour of Venezuela's scientific community. These investigations demonstrate that the weaknesses inherited from the intermittent and uncertain legitimacy of the scientific community in a context of continuous political uncertainty The subject of science policy is the research team Research priorities are determined by the state Applied science should be the first priority Research serves the solution of national problems The subject of science policy is the individual researcher Research priorities are determined by the scientists Basic science should be the first priority Research serves the development of science

Latin American Research Review, 2017

In spite of important recent work on the history of technology and the dynamics of technological change in Latin America, the literature in this field remains relatively undeveloped. In part, this is due to a relative scarcity of available sources for conducting research. This research note argues that national patent records are an important and untapped source for a wide range of studies on technology and technological change. The research note announces the creation of major new comprehensive databases of patent records in several Latin American countries, part of a larger, ongoing project to compile and make publically accessible patent records across the region. We also provide an introduction to the history of patents in Latin America, followed by a discussion of both the use (and misuse) of patents as historical evidence and recent advances in collecting and using patent evidence in Latin America.

2009

This paper introduces the differences and similarities of interactions between science and technology (S&T) among four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico. Through the analysis of articles and patents data as well as the elaboration of global matrices and national three-dimensional matrices, it was possible to observe the recent trajectory of the scientific and technological production of countries. The results indicate that the Latin American countries have a similar pattern regarding their scientific and technological structure and they are part of a regime characterized by immature National Systems of Innovation (NSI).

World Patent Information, 2010

The aim of the paper is to contribute to a better knowledge of the existing relationship between the incorporation of technology and the industrial take-off, based on the case study of the sectoral dynamism of the Spanish industry during its period of highest development. The main hypothesis is that only an appropriate combination of the introduction of foreign technology and the creation of domestic technology guarantees the acquisition of the technological knowledge required for developing and less developed countries to reach a level closer to that of more developed countries. An evolutionary perspective has been applied considering that industrial growth depends on three types of variables: innovation or technology creation, dissemination potential and absorption capacity potential. The results confirm that the introduction of imported technology has been significant, both for unincorporated knowledge, shown in the growth of patents in the period 1960-1966, and that introduced through the importation of production technology by companies in the process of modernization.

Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society., 2019

Hugo Chávez’s assumption of the presidency in late 1999 brought about major institutional change in Venezuela, and in its science and technology. Some authors speak of a breakage of the scientific community’s“social contract”with the state through the inroads of a new political bias or politicization, and of a replacement of decision-making among the scientific community traditionally responsible for the direction of science and technology policy (STP)–in which the scientific community of the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC) had been a historically influential, not to say dominant, actor–by other actors of Venezuelan society. This study aims to elucidate the changes occurring in the Chávez administration’s STP and, especially, in the role played by one of its actors–the scientific community of the IVIC–while identifying the political actions of the key actors responsible for that policy and highlighting the power they wielded, gained, or lost over its development.

RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 2017

Public Research Institutes (PRI) in Brazil have played a considerable role in the development of the country given the design and creation of specific usable knowledge in their areas. To this process is important the knowledge's systematization created through patents, since it allows that the 'best' knowledge is practically implemented and what benefits are obtained for such institutions and for the country. Through the survey of patent applications, this paper demonstrates the technological development promoted by PRI. Based on deposits of patents in Thomson Innovation data, is performed a quantitative approach, from the collection of secondary data, based on frequency analysis, regression and chi-square test. We conducted a survey of patent deposits by PRI from 2004 to 2013, proving the joint and individual technological development, the most frequent types of partners promoters of deposits. Thus, we propose a presentation and signaling technological development of PRI by production of patent deposits and this becomes the basis for further analysis.

1997

This article attempts to analyze two historical moments in the evolution of Venezuela's scientific community. Both these periods can be summed up by the Spanish word emergencia, whose double meaning-emergence and emergency-allows us to draw a path from its origins to the present crises along an elliptical path.