1 E-waste recycling in India – bridging the formal–informal divide

Indian Scientific Journal Of Research In Engineering And Management, 2023

for Management Studies REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to [Garg, Neha and Adhana, Deepak (January 31, 2019] when we think of waste, we only think of garbage or solid/semi-solid waste and nothing else. E-waste has become a global problem in the last decade. India also generates a large amount of her e-waste or e-waste every year. Unfortunately, E-waste is the one that doesn't get much media coverage of. Therefore, people's awareness of E waste is quite low. Ewaste recycling is a concept that is almost non-existent in India. As a result, the resulting e-waste often ends up in rivers and landfills without proper recycling or treatment. This is dangerous on several levels. For both the environment and personal health. 's current paper focuses on e-waste scenarios in India and other parts of the world. According to other research conducted we can find that, computer devices and mobile phones in India were identified as the largest contributors of e-waste. Computers accounted for 70% of the total e-waste generated in India and telecommunications equipment accounted for 12%. Among cities, Mumbai tops the list, generating an estimated 1,20,000 tonnes of e-waste at , per year. Delhi and Bangalore ranked second with his generation e-waste at 98,000 tons and 92,000 tons respectively, and generation was his third. By state, Maharashtra ranks first with e-waste generation, followed by Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh with. About 70% of heavy metals in landfills is electronic waste. Finally, the paper also proposes ways to address e-waste challenges and problems. According to [Dheeraj, Nimawat & Vishal, Namdev. (2012).] , the introduction of Green Supply Chain Management and Reverse Logistics presents an opportunity for global electronics manufacturing stakeholders in the supply chain to adequately meet the international community's escalating expectations for resource conservation and profitable environmental performance. becomes. As such, the useful life of consumer electronic devices is relatively short, shortened due to rapid changes in device features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electrical equipment, electronic waste (e-waste). It

Waste Management & Research, 2007

Information and telecommunications technology (ICT) and computer Internet networking has penetrated nearly every aspect of modern life, and is positively affecting human life even in the most remote areas of the developing countries. The rapid growth in ICT has led to an improvement in the capacity of computers but simultaneously to a decrease in the products lifetime as a result of which increasingly large quantities of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) are generated annually. ICT development in most developing countries, particularly in Africa, depends more on secondhand or refurbished EEEs most of which are imported without confirmatory testing for functionality. As a result large quantities of e-waste are presently being managed in these countries. The challenges facing the developing countries in ewaste management include: an absence of infrastructure for appropriate waste management, an absence of legislation dealing specifically with e-waste, an absence of any framework for end-of-life (EoL) product take-back or implementation of extended producer responsibility (EPR). This study examines these issues as they relate to practices in developing countries with emphasis on the prevailing situation in Nigeria. Effective management of e-waste in the developing countries demands the implementation of EPR, the establishment of product reuse through remanufacturing and the introduction of efficient recycling facilities. The implementation of a global system for the standardization and certification/labelling of secondhand appliances intended for export to developing countries will be required to control the export of electronic recyclables (e-scarp) in the name of secondhand appliances.

Sustainability, 2021

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associate...

Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2010

India is a developing country and is having world's second largest population after china. The present growth rate of 4.7 percent of GDP and achieved growth of 8 percent during eleventh five year plan from 2007 to 2012. As per this growth rate needs and lifestyle of Indian people changes continuously. Due to a huge revolution in technology there is advancement in every sector. The electronic and communication market is also booming in India. Electronic waste or E-waste is relatively a novel addition to the ever-growing hazardous waste stream. The manufacturing of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the emerging global activities. The main factors identified to be responsible for the increased consumption and productions of electrical and electronic equipment are rapid economic growth, coupled with urbanization and industrialization. Developing countries are facing enormous challenges related to the generation and management of E-waste which are either internally generated or imported illegally; The Indian Information Technology (IT) sector is one of the major contributors to the global economy. At the same time, it is responsible for the generation of the bulk of E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in India. Although the global E-waste problem has been able to attract attention across the world, not much emphasis has been given to the E-waste engendered in developing countries. Developing countries like India, today, is burdened with the colossal problem of E-waste which is either locally generated or internationally imported, causing serious menace to human health and environment. The hazardous components in electrical and electronic equipment are a major concern during the waste management phase. In the context of India, recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment is not undertaken to an adequate degree. However, the existing management practices related to E-waste in India are reasonably poor and have the potential to risk both human health and the environment. Moreover, the policy level initiatives are not being implemented in an appropriate way. The austere problem of E-waste along with its policy level implications is looked upon in the paper. During the course of the study it has been found that there is an urgent need to address the issues related to E-waste in India in order to avoid its detrimental future consequences on environment as well as health of human population. The purpose of the review was to improve understanding of electronic waste (e-waste) and the effect on health and the environment on a global scale. The review involved examining data and policies of governmental,

Advances in Industrial Safety

The electronic industry is one of the largest and rapidly growing manufacturing industry in this world (Electronic Systems and Focus Sector 2020). In this industrialized world, quick growth results in discarded electronics, which is now considered as the largest and fastest growing wastes. Electrical and electronic equipment is classified as a broad range of goods which include small and large household appliances, cellular telephones, MP3 players, mobile phones, audio, and video equipment, etc. (Babu et al. 2008; Majumder et al. 2017). According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), when any appliance using electric power supply reaches end of its life, it is called as e-waste or Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE). (Perkins et al. 2014). Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment is a resource of used and valuable materials such as gold, copper, aluminium (Fornalczyk et al. 2013). When these materials are not recovered, these products are to be extracted and are processed to manufacture new materials which may result in loss of materials and damage to the environment. These are involved by transport, mining, manufacturing, and energy use (World Energy Resources 2016). The materials found in electrical and electronic waste are copper, aluminium, gold, iron, and other metals are around (60%), ferrous materials are (38%), non-ferrous materials are (28%), plastics is of (19%), glass is (4%), other including wood, rubber, ceramics, etc., is of (11%) and hazardous pollutants accounts for (2.7%) (Uddin 2012). Recovering these metals is a profitable business which results in transboundary trade and global trade. E-waste is an emerging problem nowadays in India, and also, volumes of e-waste generated and amounts of toxic and valuable materials are also high (The Global E-waste Monitor 2017; Bhutta et al. 2011).

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2021

In India, the quantity of "E-Waste" or Electronic Waste has now become a major problem. Disposal of E-Waste is an emerging global environmental and public health issue, as this waste, has become the most rapidly growing segment of the formal municipal waste stream in the world (Dahl, 2002). Electronic Waste (E-Waste) typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, television sets, A.C. and Refrigerators. According to the Global E-Waste Monitor 2017, India generates about 2 Million Tonnes (MT) of E-Waste annually and ranks fifth among E-Waste producing countries after USA,

2020

The objective of the study is twofold: first is to explore how electronic waste (e-waste) is managed through recycling in the developing and developed regions. Secondly, the study suggest approach towards recycling of e-waste in a manner friendly to the environment. This review paper was prompted by the escalating rate at which electronic waste is growing around the world. Electronic waste when poorly managed it has damaging effects on the environment and health. The paper is a narrative overview of the literature synthesizing the findings of literature retrieved from online database searches and grey literature. Hand searches of the references of retrieved literature were conducted. Findings indicated that developing countries mostly follow unsafe and unregulated recycling methods. The reasons for engaging in these activities range from unemployment and poverty, lack or limited awareness about e-waste damaging effects on health and the environmental. On the other hand, developed regions are in illicit exportation of e-waste. The causes range from the high cost of recycling in developed countries, strict regulations, disguising e-waste as a donation and mislabeling of export containers. The study therefore, suggests that formal recycling and informal recycling be combined to reap the benefits of both. Informal recycling has a grand collection system whereas formal uses relatively safer facilities. In order for collaboration to happen incentives (preferably financial) are to be in place for informal recyclers. Secondly informal recyclers need to be educated about the harmful effects of unsafe recycling practices on their health and the environment.

ICBM, 2019

Bangladesh hasn't yet known to a correct mechanism for the safe disposal of electronic waste. Seven years once the government imposed a written rules to restrict the increasing challenge against electronic waste disposal people are facing and what might cause natural hazards. Now the question arrives what can be included in e-waste. The most common e-wastes suggest televisions, computers, air conditioners, mobile phones, electric bulbs etc. E-waste is being dumped in an increasing ratio day by day in every developed and developing countries. Every year a huge amount of electronic gadgets are launched and the older ones become e-waste and disposed into trashes. This is a major factor to think about as we are so much dependent on technology and these technologies can be extremely harmful for our lives and the world itself. To demolish up this emerging problem from the world a concept arrived which was named as e-waste management. This concept refers the appropriate management system of this wastes. Our concern of the paper is to enlighten people about electronic waste management. For instance, we tried to focus how these waste can be managed and for this reason we tried to collect needed data from different secondary sources and from different authors' perspectives from their published research papers. Firstly, we talked about the current situation of e-waste management in Bangladesh and tried to concentrate on the reaction of people as well as the ecological and health issue imbalance. Moreover, this paper highlighted if there are any existing laws and regulations against this raised issue. Furthermore, our cornerstone was to know if people in general like educated or uneducated people are aware of this increasing problem or not coupled with if the corporate world are known to this fact. By the same token one of the main concerns was what necessary steps are needed and can be taken to reduce or consummate this threatening trouble. Introduction The IT industry works like an important engine of any country's growth. Manufacturers are now producing superior televisions, new and smarter mobile phones and new computing devices at an increasing rate with the rapid development of technology. People enjoy what technology brings, surfing the Internet on their smartphones or tablets, and watching high-definition films on home TV. As more and more electronic products are being produced to meet people's needs worldwide, these items are being produced using more resources. As a result, the rapid growth of computing and other information and communication equipment drives ever-increasing electronic waste production. Electronic waste which is commonly used as E-waste is an alarming threat throughout the world. Now question comes what electronic waste is? E waste is the wastage of electronic products after their useful life span such as computers, mobile phones, televisions etc. The emerging challenge is that people do not know or do not focus on where these products should be disposed. In this technological era, people have the tendency to use updated electronic products because of this tendency there is a huge wastage of these products. According to statics it is known that among ten people, nine people do use computers and three people tend to change their personal computers frequently. The most terrified thing is 14% of worlds computers are thrown into trash. Waste electronic and electrical equipment management has become an important sector to focus on. Increasing amount of consumption is one of the reasons of electronic waste disposal. People are becoming more conscious about using gadgets in the high and middle income level society so that they intend to change their gadgets to maintain their status in the society. The old gadgets are thrown in the trash and they are becoming e-waste. This e-waste has becoming toxic for the society and causing serious harms. The concept of e-waste management has emerged to reduce this alarming problem in order to maintain a healthy life for the world's population. The main target of this concept is to highlight this emerging threat to the people and reduce it as much as possible. The big difficulties of e-waste management is to demolish this terrible threat from the world. One very important concept of e-waste management is how people can recycle or reuse these wastage. This concept targeted to focus on 3R policy which is basically reduce, reuse, recycle. To ensure this attempt there have been some policies taken which have already become popular in the world. Some famous policies are for instance, EU policy which refers a circular economy in which waste is considered a resource and the recycling society is guided. One more WEEE directive was introduced in 2014 for this purpose. The people who were involved in it, they were supposed to collect 45% of electronic products which have thrown into the trash, by 2016. Those attempts suggest that people now have become conscious about the wastage and in different periods of time different countries have attempted to reduce the e-waste.