Heart failure: epidemiology, investigation and management

CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & APPLIED SCIENCES, 2022

Relevance of the topic. Chronic HF is a disease with a complex of characteristic symptoms (shortness of breath, fatigue and decreased physical activity, edema, etc.) associated with inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues at rest or during exercise and often with fluid retention in the body. Decompensation of CHF often leads to death, which becomes a socio-economic problem for the state. The problem of preventing decompensation and creating the basis for a stable course of CHF is one of the main tasks of the cardiological medical community [4].Although there have been many advances and achievements in medicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of CHF is steadily increasing, ranging from 1.5 to 2.0% in the general population, and among people over 65 years of age it reaches 6-17%. Among the causes of disability and mortality of the population, CHF occupies a high level. More than 70% of men and 63% of women with CHF die within 6 years after the first clinical manifestations of the disease. According to some researchers, CHF will become the main problem of cardiology that society will have to face in the next 50 years [1, 7].CHF is a pathophysiological syndrome in which, as a result of one or another disease of the cardiovascular system or under the influence of other etiological causes, there is a violation of the ability of the heart to fill or empty, accompanied by an imbalance of neurohumoral systems (RAAS, sympatho-adrenal system, natriuretic peptide system, kinin -kallikrein system) with the development of vasoconstriction and fluid retention, which leads to further dysfunction of the heart (remodeling) and other target organs (proliferation), as well as to a mismatch between the provision of organs and tissues of the body with blood and oxygen with their metabolic needs.

Clinical Medicine Insights, 2015

Heart Failure Reviews, 2006

With the current epidemic of heart failure (HF), the practicing clinical cardiologist is faced with an overwhelming amount of new information regarding drugs, technologies and emerging concepts aimed at improving the rather dismal outlook traditionally associated with HF patients. The challenge regarding HF patients highlights a vital requirement: that progress achieved by basic researchers must be early and effectively implemented by clinicians in order to translate into results which will be of practical significance for the patient population. In this context, two clinically oriented cardiologists have undertaken to moderate a special issue of Heart Failure Reviews focused on the interaction between basic scientists, clinical researchers, HF experts and general cardiologists. The issue begins with a discussion of the challenge of diagnosis of heart failure in primary care and this is addressed by Candida Fonseca. The author very pertinently points out the "the management of the syndrome in primary care has been hampered by perceived difficulties in diagnosis and in starting and monitoring effective treatment," alluding to the

European Journal of Heart Failure, 2021

In this document, we propose a universal definition of heart failure (HF) as a clinical syndrome with symptoms and/or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. We also propose revised stages of HF as: At risk for HF (Stage A), Pre-HF (Stage B), Symptomatic HF (Stage C) and Advanced HF (Stage D). Finally, we propose a new and revised classification of HF according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This includes HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF ≤40%; HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF 41-49%; HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): symptomatic HF with LVEF ≥50%; and HF with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF): symptomatic HF with a baseline LVEF ≤40%, a ≥10 point increase from baseline LVEF, and a second measurement of LVEF > 40%.

Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology, 2015

Supplement Aims and Scope Systematic reviews § § Observational studies § § Commentary on clinical trials § § Risk and safety of medical interventions § § Epidemiology and statistical methods § § Evidence-based medicine § § Evaluation of guidelines § § Translational medicine § § Article types include original clinical and basic research articles, case reports, commentaries, meeting reports, methodology, perspective, research proposal, reviews, software/database reviews, and technical advance.

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2016

Despite the advancement in medicine, management of heart failure (HF), which usually presents as a disease syndrome, has been a challenge to healthcare providers. This is reflected by the relatively higher rate of readmissions along with increased mortality and morbidity associated with HF. In this review article, we first provide a general overview of types of HF pathogenesis and diagnostic features of HF including the crucial role of exercise in determining the severity of heart failure, the efficacy of therapeutic strategies and the morbidity/mortality of HF. We then discuss the quality control measures to prevent the growing readmission rates for HF. We also attempt to elucidate published and ongoing clinical trials for HF in an effort to evaluate the standard and novel therapeutic approaches, including stem cell and gene therapies, to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the appropriate utilization/documentation and medical coding based on the severity of the HF alone and with minor and major co-morbidities. We consider that this review provides an extensive overview of the HF in terms of disease pathophysiology, management and documentation for the general readers, as well as for the clinicians/physicians/hospitalists.

Despite the advancement in medicine, management of heart failure (HF), which usually presents as a disease syndrome, has been a challenge to healthcare providers. This is reflected by the relatively higher rate of readmissions along with increased mortality and morbidity associated with HF. In this review article, we first provide a general overview of types of HF pathogenesis and diagnostic features of HF including the crucial role of exercise in determining the severity of heart failure, the efficacy of therapeutic strategies and the morbidity/mortality of HF. We then discuss the quality control measures to prevent the growing readmission rates for HF. We also attempt to elucidate published and ongoing clinical trials for HF in an effort to evaluate the standard and novel therapeutic approaches, including stem cell and gene therapies, to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the appropriate utilization/documentation and medical coding based on the severity of the HF alone and with minor and major co-morbidities. We consider that this review provides an extensive overview of the HF in terms of disease pathophysiology, management and documentation for the general readers, as well as for the clinicians/physicians/hospitalists.

The Israel Medical Association Journal Imaj, 2009

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiology, 2022

Background and objectives: Heart failure is a pathological condition characterized by the inability of the heart to pump (cardiac output) an adequate amount of blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body or, at any rate, to be able to do so only at the expense of increased filling pressures in one or more cardiac chambers and the upstream venous circulation. The research group states here the primary objective of expanding the indications contained in the ESC 2021 with the results of the last year on the subject of treatment profiles, to facilitate a better understanding of the overall clinical picture and contribute to the next edition of the guidelines.

European Heart Journal, 1997

Diagnosis of heart failure-the link to management The proper diagnosis of heart failure has several prerequisites. These are the correct recognition of the presence of heart failure, the assessment of the physiological abnormalities, the underlying aetiology, the detection of concomitant diseases which may interfere with its management, and the estimation of the severity. The European Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Heart Failure' 11 concluded with a management outline (Table 1).