IMPLEMENTASI MODEL-MODEL KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH

Leadership styles and how to behave in a leader is certainly going to affect the circumstances and motivation of employees to work. Therefore, one's leadership style may affect the employees take action in accordance with the objectives of the organization. The behavior of a person's leadership style, for example in terms of how to give orders, how these leaders gave the task or job, how to communicate with subordinates, how to make decisions, and so forth. If the leaders do these activities take emphatic fashion, prioritizing the completion of the task, do the direction and control is tight, then the leadership style as it tends called leadership style task oriented less to motivate employee performance. otherwise if leaders do activities with sympathetic, mutual interaction, respect the opinion, the feelings of subordinates or employees of the leadership style tends called leadership style people-oriented, it can easily motivate subordinates or employees have a good performance. Based on the above explanation can be concluded that the leadership style of the highest attention to the duty to make employee motivation is low it will result in an employee's performance is not good in this case because employees feel watched. Similarly, if the leadership style of the higher attention to people the motivation will be higher in this case because employees feel cared for by its leaders so that it will result in an employee's performance will increase.

MODEL KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK -Setiap pimpinan berkewajiban membuat kebijaksanaan, yang kemudian mengikat bagi setiap orang yang dipimpin, Kebijakan (policy) seringkali disamakan dengan istilah seperti politik, program, keputusan, undang-undang, aturan, ketentuan-ketentuan, kesepakatan, konvensi, dan rencana strategis.

Self assessment system is one kind of tax collection which the taxpayers have a duty to count, calculate, pay and report their tax obligation by themselves. In the other side, not all of taxpayers obey the rule to pay and report it well so supervision and tax audit needed by tax officer. One of the methods that used by tax officer in doing tax supervision and audit is using benchmark behavioral model methods or its usually called by BBM. The objective of research is to know and describe how the implementation of BBM policy in tax supervision and audit. This research using case study with qualitative approach. Result of research shows that BBM method can be used as a tool in supervision and audit but can not be used as the base of tax assessment letter. BBM has a function as an alarm for account representatif in doing tax intensification. BBM also helps tax auditor task in audit planning and audit area arrangement.

Dimensi paling inti dari kebijakan publik adalah proses kebijakan. Di sini kebijakan publik dilihat sebagai sebuah proses kegiatan atau sebagai satu kesatuan sistem yang bergerak dari satu bagian ke bagian lain secara sinambung, saling menentukan dan saling membentuk. Dalam bukunya Public Policy, Riant Nugroho (2009, 494-495) memberi makna implementasi kebijakan sebagai "cara agar sebuah kebijakan dapat mencapai tujuannya. Tidak lebih dan tidak kurang". Ditambahakan pula, bahwa untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan publik, ada dua pilihan langkah yang ada, yaitu: langsung mengimplementasikan dalam bentuk program atau melalui formulasi kebijakan derivat atau turunan dari kebijakan publik tesebut. Secara umum dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

Articulation of the policy implementation has gained substantial currency and popularity among teoriticians and pratitioners. Many now indicate an interest or involvement in discussion about such topic as policy implementation perspectives, comparative models of policy implementation, and measurement of policy implementation. At the same time, perspectives, schools and program have been introduced and established. In spite of all this interest in policy implementation concepts and dimensions, there is still no aggreement on what policy implementation model applicable to all kinds of development programs or project. This article will explain more detail about policy implementation concepts, and their perspectives, models and measurement criteria.

Nindya, 2019

Perkembangan ilmu keperawatan, model konseptual dan teori merupakan aktivitas berpikir yang tinggi. Model konseptual mengacu pada ide-ide global mengenai individu, kelompok, situasi atau kejadian tertentu yang berkaitan dengan disiplin yang spesifik. Konsep merupakan suatu ide dimana terdapat suatu kesan yang abstrak yang dapat diorganisir menjadi simbol-simbol yang nyata, sedangkan konsep keperawatan merupakan ide untuk menyusun suatu kerangka konseptual atau model keperawatan. Teori keperawatan itu sendiri merupakan sekelompok konsep yang membentuk sebuah pola yang nyata atau suatu pernyataan yang menejlaskan suatu proses, peristiwa atau kejadian yang didasari oleh fakta-fakta yang telah diobservasi tetapi kurang absolut atau bukti langsung. Teori-teori yang terbentuk dari penggabungan konsep dan pernyataan yang berfokus lebih khusus pada suatu kejadian dan fenomena dari suatu disiplin (Fawcet, 1992). Teori mempunyai kontribusi pada pembentukan dasar praktik keperawatan (Chinn & Jacob, 1995). Suatu metode untuk menghasilkan dasar pengetahuan keperawatan ilmiah adalah melalui pengembangan dan memanfaatan teori keperawatan. Definisi teori keperawatan dapat membantu mahasiswa keperawatana dalam memahami bagaimana peran dan tindakan keperawatan yang sesuai dengan peran keperawatan.