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The paper argues for the need, at least theoretical, of “brandology” as detached knowledge in the marketing field. The idea is based on the observations and research in brand management practice in recent years which have demonstrated the increasing social life of brands, especially those with high level of brand equity. What is knowledge as a whole, scientific method and discipline is discussed, in the first place, and what are the advantages of brand knowledge, in the second. Together with distinguishing marketing and branding, semiotics is introduced as powerful enough tool in branding and brand equity’s examination and explanation. The “angel share” is an analogy suggested for better understanding the brand as social phenomenon. Finally, some suggestions are made for further development on how this “discipline” ought to be taught before the students, in order to create better understanding about the brand “nature”, and which looks at culture, marketing communications as well as social and consuming practices from different perspective. It needs intensive project-based and on-field research educational approach, counting on social and cultural studies more than on the conventional business, profit-based thinking.
2012
Abstract: A kind of habit is still available in the world of marketing practice looking at brands as completely dependent on economic logic, as secondary element of general marketing activity. Despite of the formal common consent saying that brand is a powerful tool in sales policy and provides priceless long-term contact with consumers, only short list of publications on this realm includes explanation on how given brand reaches its audience and, which is even more important, how it affects it. The following material aims to pass over the classical definitions and to enter in one usually neglected but full with potential ‘alley’ in branding. The main point is the realization that brand is a communication phenomenon whose existence is a result more from attitude and active position of its addressee than from the brand management’ steps. The lack of a physical basis makes brand virtual entity and its nature is an object of study of social psychologists, cognitive specialists and anthropologists but in the field of ‘communication’ main role plays semiotics, whose advantages and perspectives are underlined in the next lines. Key words: brand, commercial communication, applied semiotics, functions of language.
This study is dedicated to brand in cognitive and semiotic perspective. Various basic but key points on the brand nature are presented and commented. The second, larger part observes different theories and models both by academics and practitioners in order to extract their common ground and the specificity in brand positioning area, including brand core, identity and personification, appealing statement, and surmounting the market 'noise' in the name of successful distinction from the competition.
Approaches to the semiotics of brand are troubled by the lack of any accepted analytic definition of the phenomenon, as well as capacious, almost metaphysical, extensions in which brand becomes identified with semiosis as such, and thus everything is a brand. In addition, studies of brand tend to focus on highly visible or successful brands, as often as not as a proxy for a real object of analytic interest that lies elsewhere. Brand discourse defines brand in opposition to the material properties of the product, leading to a dematerialization of brand, which erases the messy materialities, contingencies, and hybrids that continually arise in the material semiosis of brand. Rather than attempt a definition of brand, the recent literature on brand semiotics is explored along several material and semiotic dimensions of the variousness of its relationship to its universes of circulation and in different professional discourses and historical and cultural contexts.
Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR)
This research aims to decode brand meanings from the logos of two multinational companies and to encode their social categories. The companies chosen for this study are in the technology field. To analyze this issue, a qualitative-descriptive method was used to define the message contained in the logo and express the logo's social categories in a cultural context. A semiotic approach was used to analyze the specified company's logo; results showed that the logo's meaning was conveyed through four dominant colors representing Innovation, Dominance, Variation, and Sophistication. These findings suggest that the companies attempted to achieve higher social categories, implying that they aim to have exclusive control of their products. In conclusion, companies can use its social category to create a new concept for another logo as part of a potential marketing strategy. Later, these findings can be used to create a future marketing strategy.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
Under the influence of the values of Western European civilization, the life of contemporary human has been gradually shifted from the supremacy of the practices of material consumption to the practices of self-realization. It is interesting to understand the phenomenon of brand, which goes beyond researches in economics and marketing (D. Aaker, J. Trout and D. Ogilvy). Brand is able not only to take away the individual's world but also helps the individual to stand out, to overcome the ordinary life through brand’s universality which contributes to the establishment of mutual understanding between people. Philosophical anthropology and its theories by H. Marcuse, J. Ortega y Gasset or E. Fromm can become the basis for a new interpretation of brand as a socio-cultural phenomenon that plays a significant role in the human everyday life. The authors substantiate the thesis that brand and human-brand, in particular, can be tools of assembly and can be used as a reference for other ...
Sign Systems Studies 42(1), pp.98-136, 2014
The aim of this paper is to outline a methodological framework for brand equity planning with structuralist rhetorical semiotics. By drawing on the connectionist conceptual model of the brand generative trajectory of signification it will be displayed in a stepwise fashion how a set of nuclear semes and classemes or an intended semic structure that underlies manifest discursive structures may be projected by its internal stakeholders (i.e., a brand management team, an account planning team or a marketing research team) with view to attaining differential brand associations. The suggested methodological framework focuses on the strength and uniqueness of brand associations as integral aspects of a brand's equity structure and comprises a set of calculi that aim at addressing from a brand textuality point of view how associations may be systematically linked to their key sources with an emphasis on the ad filmic text. The propounded methodology is exemplified by recourse to a corpus of ad filmic texts from the major brand players in the UK cereals market. The argumentative thrust is intent on demonstrating that structuralist rhetorical semiotics is not only useful for analysing/interpreting brand texts, but, moreover, for constructing and for managing them over time. This demonstration is deployed by adopting a synchronic/diachronic and intra-(ad)-filmic/inter-(ad)-filmic approach to the formation of brand associations that make up a projected brand equity structure, in the context of embedded product category dynamics.
contribute to brand value, which we defi ne as the sale or replacement value of a brand, and which implies a companybased perspective. We believe that one of the primary reasons no generally accepted measure of brand equity has surfaced in the past 15 years is that brand equity and brand value frequently are treated as the same construct. 1 -4 We suggest that the fi rst
Some of the most important semiotic galaxies that constitute human contemporary Umwelt comprehend those concepts corresponding to entities that populate the daily life of common citizens, constituting objects (goods and services) that have become essential to different lifestyles. Brands are semiotic objects. As all semiotic objects they are culturally laden meaning carriers that once created generate and become the centre of a dynamics that is actualised in the interplay with their potential consumers and the definition of their own markets. Keywords: semiotic object, brand, semiosis, brand management, brand methodology
The American Journal of Semiotics 34(3-4), 2018
A semiotic approach to the study of brands and branding moves beyond new-age personifications of consumerist desire and Marxist deconstructions of oppressive deceit. Brands are approached, instead, as systems of folk-ontology and semiotic ideology that function both in tension with and in tandem with the economic objects prized by corporate clients (Manning 2010). This thematic double-issue borrows its title from a turn of phrase suggested by Malcolm Evans (see e.g., 2016), one of the pioneering individuals to first apply semiotic thinking deliberately and systematically to client/consumer-oriented challenges encountered in marketing and branding contexts (cf. Rossolatos 2012: 59–60). As will become clear in the articles that follow, the topic under consideration is “applied” in keeping with Evans' approach: contributing authors are all first-hand practitioners who each have years of actual industry experience working directly with clients to better develop brand communication through the application of semiotic theories and methodologies. [pdf contains covers, toc and preface]
This paper addresses the marketing concept of brand equity from a semiotic perspective, by demonstrating why and how the notions of code/subcode are central in accounting for the multifarious dimensions of brand value. Based on the basic premises that surplus of meaning is reflected in surplus financial value in the concept of brand equity and that brand equity and code are fundamentally interdependent, an attempt is made to lay the conceptual foundations for operationalizing brand equity semiotically in a political economy of brands. The managerial implications in terms of planning for brand equity against the background of the relative novelty of brands as signs and different levels of codedness are discussed through the import of the planning platform of The Generative Matrix of Equity Potential. Keywords: code, subcodes, brand equity, brand meaning, generative matrix of equity potential * George Rossolatos is an experienced marketing practitioner, with extensive experience in advertising (JWT), marketing research (Research International) and brand management (Colgate-Palmolive, Nestle, Weetabix, Cosmote). He holds a BA (Hons) in Philosophy from the University of Essex, an MSc in Marketing from Manchester Business School, during which he coined the model of Consumer Psychoanalysis and an MBA from Strathclyde Business School, including research in the field of brand equity. He also conducted part-time PhD research in the field of Brand Equity and Integrated Marketing Communications at Manchester Business School. He is currently a PhD Candidate at the University of Kassel (Germany) in the field of Marketing Semiotics. He has edited and co-authored a book on Interactive Advertising (Interactive Advertising: Dynamic Communication in the Information Era, Libris Tech Publications), translated FT Publications' Mastering Marketing into Greek and published 300+ articles in marketing related trade journals. His research interests rest with effecting inter-textual cross-fertilizations between marketing and semiotics discourses with an applicable managerial orientation, also informed by disciplines such as accounting and finance, brand valuation, branding, advertising effectiveness, consumer behavior, phenomenology, deconstruction, psychoanalysis, anthropology, communication theory, cultural studies.
Approaches to the semiotics of brand are troubled by the lack of any accepted analytic definition of the phenomenon, as well as capacious, almost metaphysical, extensions in which brand becomes identified with semiosis as such, and thus everything is a brand. In addition, studies of brand tend to focus on highly visible or successful brands, as often as not as a proxy for a real object of analytic interest that lies elsewhere. Brand discourse defines brand in opposition to the material properties of the product, leading to a dematerialization of brand, which erases the messy materialities, contingencies, and hybrids that continually arise in the material semiosis of brand. Rather than attempt a definition of brand, the recent literature on brand semiotics is explored along several material and semiotic dimensions of the variousness of its relationship to its universes of circulation and in different professional discourses and historical and cultural contexts
Information Management and Business Review
The aim of this study is to enhance understanding in the philosophy of the brand along with its historical development around the world. Its main purpose is to clarify the nature of the brand, its origination, ancient phase, digital phase and the future of branding. This study is based on the secondary source to clarify the gap of knowledge, understand the thought of branding and review the literature in regard to its historical development and evaluation around the world. It has found that brand is a tangible and non-tangible asset of a business that presents a unique identity and reputation among a wide set of competitors, and is perceived as a market leader in a particular industry. The study has found that branding is the best practice to enhance the image and value of business among targeted consumers. It has anticipated that branding is the technique to gain competitive advantage and accomplish the objectives of a business. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the n...
is paper explores the role of cognitive structures and socially shared meanings in communication e ectiveness, focusing concretely on brand communication. Traditionally in communication sciences, ambiguity and polysemy have been considered prejudicial to the e ectiveness of communication. However, we argue that in branding, the more possible meanings a brand alludes to, the more people are able to identify with it and emotionally connect to it, thus contributing to the e ective communication of the brand, understood as the building or reinforcement of a positive relationship between the receiver and the brand. Our main argument is explored within a theoretical framework that is founded on the following assumptions: a) the new media are one of the main factors that shape the contemporary society; b) this shaping takes place on a cognitive level, thus originating concrete cognitive structures that are characteristic of the contemporary society; c) brands are more e ective if they allude to meanings shared on a social and cultural level and if they are adjusted to contemporary cognition. We empirically test our arguments by exploring 15 cases of rebranding of Portuguese enterprises. We focused on the logotype as the main element of the brand, and we conducted a comparative visual analysis which combined the methods of content analysis and semiotic analysis. Plus, we complemented our visual analysis with qualitative interviews to one member of each organization who was involved in the rebranding process. Our ndings showed that the brands which allude to more meanings and to more ambiguous meanings and which have more levels of meaning (denotation, connotation, myth) are more e ective in generating identi cation and emotional relationships. Furthermore, they are cognitively more engaging and involving. We hope that our research contributes in an applied way to enhance creativity and communication e ectiveness in brand design and in branding.
The Journal of Brand …, 2010
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Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2012
This paper will try to analyze the role played by branding communication in the "education" of the masses, on social responsibility and at a level of micro cultural trends. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation of symbolic meaning in brand to consumer communication starting from the concepts of brand identity and brand image. We advance the hypothesis that the meaning of brand communication depends to a large extent on the "culture" developed by a mark's symbolic functions.
Cases on Branding Strategies and Product Development: Successes and Pitfalls
Most theories in brand management, evolved from 20th century economics, rely on a convenient assumption of how consumers should make purchase decisions. In contradistinction, this chapter demonstrates a semiological tradition in the context of brand management using a 128-year-old brand, Muthoot Group, to expound upon the ways consumers prevalently perceive brands, which then drive their purchase decisions. Just as in marketing, where the focus changed from “economic exchange” to “social exchange,” in brand management the focus needs to change from “symbols” to the way people use semiotic resources to produce both communicative artifacts and events to interpret them, which is also a form of semiotic production. Since social semiotics is not a self-contained field, the chapter historically plots the brand-building voyage of Muthoot Group, applying semiotic concepts and methods to establish a model of brand and extend the scientific understanding of differentiation, loyalty, and advoc...
Contemporary marketing literature overwhelmingly describes brands from either a managerial or a consumer-centric perspective. The level of analysis is either individual or social. In most cases brands are conceived as tangible or intangible objects. Another stream of research conceives brands as mental representations or socially shared meanings. Each perspective has provided rich insights but bears the danger of being restrictive. Attempting to integrate extant knowledge the paper first presents a brief review and discussion of how the brand phenomenon has been approached in the literature. Secondly, it proposes an integrative perspective, which conceptualizes a brand as encompassing brand manifestations, brand meaning, and a brand interest group that co-produces brand manifestations and co-constructs brand meaning in an ongoing public discourse. Finally, the implications of such an approach for future research and brand management are discussed.
Contemporary Marketing Review
In today's competitive conditions, beyond a name, brand is a business asset which adds an identity and personality on products, takes shape with consumer perceptions, guides consumers about product preferences. Brand is a tool that forms and shapes relations between consumer/buyer and business. A brand is not a physical product or an intangible service offering. The importance of branding has increased recent decades. The brand is today more important than previously and this is especially true for the global fashion industry where marketers market the brand rather than the traditional products. In this study, theoretical explanations about brand and brand management, which became pretty important topic in today's business world, are made, and studies in the related literature about brand are discussed. In this study, how brand factor affect consumer behaviors in Turkey with the participation of 1286 people in the provinces through interviews.
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