An Analytical Study of Grammatical Tenses in Lari Language

Article , 2013

Grammatical tense, as the time of action occurrence, locates a situation in time to indicate when the situation takes place, which in many languages is indicated in three basic categories of past, present and future. The present study is aimed to analyze the tense system in Lari language, a language of Larestan Township in the Southern part of Iran, which is also spoken by more than a million people in other parts of Iran, Oman and the UAE. Based on a contrastive-descriptive methodology, the research illustrates the tense system of Lari in comparison to that of English and in case in Persian. Following a brief explanation of Lari tenses, their applicability and features are explained comparatively in English and Lari via tables. Finally, differences and similarities among the two languages are demonstrated together with the unique features of Lari. The results illustrate Lari's specific features in past, non-past, and especially future tenses.

Mohamed Abdelmaged Omer Musa, 2019

This paper entitled the functions of tenses and verb-forms in English and Arabic language. It aimed at pinpointing how tenses and forms of verbs act in the two languages. For the purpose of this paper, the researcher has employed descriptive-analytical method because it is appropriate with the nature of study. A number of results were reached; some of the most important ones were: tenses in English language are the main approaches to express time, while tenses in Arabic language function as large modules for the verbal patterns and verbal single units to indicate different time variations. Verb-forms in both languages operate differently. With reference to the study's results, the researcher recommends that further studies should be conducted by other researchers. Likewise, more concern should be given to investigate the functions of verb-forms in Arabic language particularly.

Dialectologia Revista Electronica, 2013

This study deals with contrasting three languages, namely English, Farsi (Persian), and Mazandarani (Tabari). The study followed two main goals: first, providing Mazandarani and Farsi teachers with pedagogical implications in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL); and second, taking a step toward preventing the Mazandarani (Mazani) language from gradual extinction. By comparing the word order, verbs, and tenses of the three aforementioned languages, it was concluded that in some cases Mazandarani, and in other cases Farsi, is more similar to English. With respect to word order, Mazandarani and Farsi are SOV but English is SVO. Regarding verbs and tenses, contrary to English, Mazandarani and Farsi are inflected. This inflection plays an important role in forming different tenses in the conjugation process.

This paper concerns with one of the untouched areas of Persian grammar; the case of sequence of tenses. Since this case mainly takes place in discourse, the paper will focus on the functions and changes of tenses in discourse. In order to do so, after introducing our theoretical framework and the notions of "Absolute" and "Relative" tenses, Persian absolute and relative tenses will be intro-

Lingua, 2019

The present study aims at investigating tense interpretation in Persian complement and relative clauses and determining whether Persian is subsumed under the label of sequence of tense (henceforth SOT) or non-SOT languages. To achieve these aims, Persian past-under-past, present-under-past, and present-under-future constructions were examined. However, given that there was not a unanimous consensus between the researchers as to the interpretation of past-under-past constructions (which is one of the criteria for distinguishing SOT languages from non-SOT languages), 32 Persian native speakers were interviewed. Furthermore, since the nature of present tense and the SOT phenomenon are intertwined, an attempt was made to study the nature of Persian present tense. The in-depth analysis of the interview results and Persian data were indicative of the non-indexical nature of Persian present tense. Moreover, the results revealed that Persian, on account of exhibiting some SOT-like and some non-SOT-like behaviors, is a hybrid language defying the commonly-held SOT/non-SOT classification. Finally, using the de re theory, as proposed by Abusch (1997) and further developed by Ogihara and Sharvit (2012), a comprehensive analysis was provided for the simultaneous past reading of Persian past-under-past complement clauses.

2016

Our objective in this paper is to compare and contrast the English and KurdishKurmanji verb tenses. Though both languages are in the same language family, the similiarities and the differences between them do exist. When a learner initiates learning one of the languages mentioned above, with no doubt, the similarities facilitates the learning, whereas the differences complicate the learning period and the process. The paper starts with the definition of the concepts related to the comparative and contrastive studies. It then goes on to discuss the history of the comparative and contrastive studies in English and Kurdish studies. The comparison will be implemented in terms of syntax and the usage of the tenses. First, the common samples will be chosen and be compared. It can be said that as a method definition, comparison, evaluation and guess stages will be used. Even though Kurmanci dialect has been used, examples obtained from Sorani and other Kurmanji dialects have also been deal...

International Journal English Linguistics, 2020

The hypothesis upon which this paper is based is that in both Arabic and English the notion of tense underdetermines the notion of time, and some pragmatic enrichment is needed to the get at the correct temporal interpretation. In both languages, beside the normal unmarked tense usages, some marked usages of tense are available wherein the tense constructions do not refer to their equivalent temporal intervals; this is done for the sake of rhetorical purposes as illustrated and exemplified. Even the unmarked cases to tense are proven to require, for sound interpretation, the inclusion of pragmatic givens. Many examples are given in both languages showing the pragmatic nature of the temporal interpretive process of tense in terms of the SRE theory where the interrelationship of the three-time intervals speech, event, and reference times (S/TU, E/TSit, R/TT) is based primarily on rather pragmatic parameters within the process of temporal interpretation. Some new treatment is given concerning the theory of tense interpretation which is related to a pragmatic conception of the speaker's temporal projection or "virtuality" via which tenses' inherent three-time points are pragmatically interrelated and arranged in terms of the potential existence of multiple virtual and non-virtual speakers.

Journal of English Language and Literature (JELL), 2018

This study aims to find out the comparison between English and Indonesian terms of finite verb form, tense and aspect. Language is the medium used by human to convey the contents of their minds. Language is also an object of study in educational institutions. Examples of interesting language to study and learn are English and Indonesian language, because each of them has distinct characteristics. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative study. The result of this study shows that there are four groups of verb forms in English: simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous forms. Each of the groups has present, past, and future forms. This scientific paper will contribute empirical data from English and Indonesian language that will support contrastive analysis theory.

Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences

The information inside sentences is conveyed from different perspectives. Tense, which becomes the primary source of information in sentences, is the different categories of verb inflection (Mahwi Aziz,2018). Sentence structures are the various and also specific components of the speakers' intended Syntax and Semantics situations (Gharib Ismail, 2019). The information of time inside a simple sentence concerns the contents of time of a single verb. On the other hand, complex sentences require two sources of information about the tense of the verbs. Tense agreement in sentences depends on the structure and elements inside complex sentences. Thus, all of the (complex sentences, tense, tense agreement) will be the analysis source in this research paper. For this purpose, special attention is given to each of the three mentioned ones, and the nature of their sequences in the language is analyzed with examples in the Kurdish language.