Saxon Loans in Rüstring Old Frisian

Diachronica, 2012

2015

The Morphological Atlas of Dutch Dialects is a two-volume atlas which shows morphological variation in Netherlandic and Flemish dialects. On the basis of digitized data we have classified the Low Saxon dialects. We explore six subdomains of morphological variation: 1. plural substantives, 2. diminutives, 3. possessive pronominals, 4. present and past tense verbs, 5. the participial prefix ge-, and 6. verb stem alternations. Morphological distances are measured for each subdomain, and subsequently the aggregate has been calculated over the six subdomains. If we analyze the aggregate results using multidimensional scaling, we obtain a division in four groups: 1. Groningen; 2. Noord-Drenthe; 3. Stellingwerven, Kop van Overijssel, Salland; and 4. Twente and Achterhoek.

Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77: Festschrift Rolf Bremmer, 2017

Rolf Bremmer (2007) concludes that the language of the Old Frisian Riustring manuscripts shows traces of copying from texts written in other Old Frisian dialects, notably from the Ems region. The strongest indication for his hypothesis comes from the masculine plural ending-ar, which is the rule in Ems Old Frisian but the exception in R1 and absent from other Riustring manuscripts. In this contribution, Bremmer's hypothesis is partly confirmed, but augmented with the reconstruction of an indigenous Riustring plural ending-ar in masculine a-stem nouns denoting an animate subject, which appear substantially more often in the nominative. Nouns with a higher frequency of occurrence in the accusative take the plural ending-a. This is taken to reflect a former Proto-Frisian situation, with the ending-ar in the nom. pl. of masculine a-stem nouns against-a in the acc. pl., similar to Old Norse. The earlier distribution had become lexicalised by the time of Riustring Old Frisian. Some of the attested instances, however, are better explained as remnants of a copying process from Ems Old Frisian.

2009

ABSTRACT The Morphological Atlas of Dutch Dialects is a two-volume atlas which shows morphological variation in Netherlandic and Flemish dialects. On the basis of digitized data we have classified the Low Saxon dialects. We explore six subdomains of morphological variation: 1. plural substantives, 2. diminutives, 3. possessive pronominals, 4. present and past tense verbs, 5. the participial prefix ge-, and 6. verb stem alternations.

2009

This exploration of medieval language contacts focuses on the impact of the Viking and Norman invasions on the English language of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The book provides background information on post-Conquest society, culture and language, and presents a contact linguistic framework and a description of research methods. The attestations, uses and statuses of Norse-derived and French-derived words in a broad set of early Middle English texts are discussed at length. TOC: 1 Introduction, 2 England in the 'long twelfth century', 3 English in transition: from Old to Middle English, 4 Lexical borrowing and the contact situation, 5 Studying loanwords: methods and approaches, 6 Loanwords in the Early ME corpus, 7 Loanwords in use in an Early ME prose text, 8 Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices. 316 pp.

Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours

Historical Frisians in an archaeological light 5 Egge Knol and Nelleke IJssennagger 2. The Anglo-Frisian Question 25 John Hines 3. Frisian between the Roman and the Early Medieval Periods: Language contact, Celts and Romans 43 Peter Schrijver 4. 'All quiet on the Western Front?' The Western Netherlands and the 'North Sea Culture' in the Migration Period 53 Menno Dijkstra and Jan de Koning 5. Power and Identity in the Southern North Sea Area: The Migration and Merovingian Periods 75 Johan Nicolay 6. How 'English' is the Early Frisian Runic Corpus? The evidence of sounds and forms 93 Gaby Waxenberger 7. The Geography and Dialects of Old Saxon: River-basin communication networks and the distributional patterns of North Sea Germanic features in Old Saxon 125 Arjen Versloot and Elżbieta Adamczyk 8. Between Sievern and Gudendorf: Enclosed sites in the northwestern Elbe-Weser triangle and their significance in respect of society, communication and migration during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period 149 Iris Aufderhaar 9. Cultural Convergence in a Maritime Context: Language and material culture as parallel phenomena in the early-medieval southern North Sea region 173 Pieterjan Deckers vi 10. The Kingdom of East Anglia, Frisia and Continental Connections, c. ad 600-900 Tim Pestell 11. A Comparison of the Injury Tariffs in the Early Kentish and the Frisian Law Codes Han Nijdam 12. Cultural Contacts between the Western Baltic, the North Sea Region and Scandinavia: Attributing runic finds to runic traditions and corpora of the Early Viking Age Christiane Zimmermann and Hauke Jöns Index vii figures Palaeography and People, Egge Knol and Nelleke IJssennagger 1.1 Palaeogeographical map of the northern Netherlands, c. 500 bc. 1.2 Palaeogeographical map of the northern Netherlands, c. ad 800. 1.3 The Frisian coastal area in the 8th century ad and the dates of conversion to Christianity. 1.4 The distribution of Frisian regions around ad 1300. 1.5 The 8th-century weapon grave of Antum. The Anglo-Frisian Question, John Hines 2.1 Rune-forms representing a, ae, o and oe in the Anglo-Saxon fuþorc. 2.2 The reverse of the Schweindorf solidus. 2.3 Copper-alloy brooches found in England and the Netherlands. 'All quiet on the Western Front', Menno Dijkstra and Jan de Koning 4.1 Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Netherlands in the early Middle Ages. 4.2 Palaeogeographical reconstruction with the distribution of water-and place-names that derive from prehistoric or Roman times in the western Netherlands. 4.3 Handmade plain and decorated 'Anglo-Saxon' style pottery from the early-medieval cemetery of Rijnsburg-De Horn. 4.4 The cruciform brooch from Katwijk. 4.5 The perifical geographical position of the western Dutch coastal area in the Migration Period. Power and Identity in the Southern North Sea Area, Johan Nicolay 5.1 Equal-armed brooch from Dösemoor (Lkr. Stade). 5.2 Geographical distribution of 5th-century 'Saxon-style' equal-armed brooches. 5.3 Type-C bracteates from the coastal areas of the northern Netherlands and northern Germany. 5.4 Geographical distribution of gold and silver bracteates belonging to Formularfamilien D7-10, and of those that cannot be assigned to any specific Formularfamilie (D-). 5.5 Stylistic development of 'Jutlandic' brooches into regionally specific 6th-century brooches. 5.6 Geographical distribution of 6th-century 'Kentish-style' keystone garnet disc brooches of Avent's Classes 1 and 2 and 'Frisian-style' disc-on-bow brooches of the Achlum type (white symbols). viii Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours 5.7 Close cultural affinities between regionally specific, filigree-and/or garnet-decorated high-status ornaments dating to the late 6th, or early decades of the 7th century. 5.8 Geographical distribution of garnet-and/or filigree-decorated ornaments with regional characteristics, dating to the late 6th, and early decades of the 7th century. 5.9 Hypothetical reconstruction of regional and supra-regional kingdoms along the southern North Sea coast around ad 500 and ad 600, and the political division of this area into territories belonging to larger political configurations around ad 804. How 'English' is the Early Frisian Runic Corpus? Gaby Waxenberger 6.1 The distribution of the inscriptions that make up the Pre-Old English Corpus. 6.2 The distribution of the inscriptions that make up the Old English Corpus. 6.3 The distributions of inscriptions considered as part of the Frisian Runic Corpus. 6.4 The descent and periodization of Old Frisian according to Rolf Bremmer. 6.5 Characteristic rune-forms of the Old English fuþorc: the ōs, āc, aesc and ōþil runes, with diagramatic scheme of innovations in rune-form and adjustments to the order of the rune-row between the fuþark and the fuþorc. 6.6 The emergence of OE ō: phonology, and runic reflexes. 6.7 Key examples of the use of the ōs and ōþil runes in England and Frisia. 6.8 The treatment of West Germanic */a:/: allophones and their runic representations; new phonemes and their runic representation. 6.9 The reflexes of Gmc *ai in Old Frisian. 6.10 The sources of the long vowels /ae:/ and /a:/ in Pre-Old English and Pre-Old Frisian. 6.11 The Southampton (Hamwic) bone and its inscription. 6.12 Examples of the single-barred h rune. Geography and Dialects of Old Saxon, Arjen Versloot and Elżbieta Adamczyk 7.1 The distribution of North Sea Germanic features in Old Saxon material against the background of the main river basins and peat bog areas. 7.2 Northern Germany, with Münsterland in the Westphalian Basin, the Teutoburger Wald, and the valley of the Weser-Aller Urstromtal. 7.3 The distribution of i-mutated forms in the word stad-/sted-in present-day place names and in Old Saxon onomastic material. 7.4 The distribution of forms with palatalized-kin present-day place names. 7.5 The new runes ōs and āc. 7.6 The geographical distribution of forms with different root vowels in stedi, 'town' and beki, 'creek'.

Celto-Germanic: Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West, 2020

Synopsis This book is a study of the inherited vocabulary shared uniquely by Celtic, Germanic, and the other Indo-European languages of North and West Europe. The focus is on contact and common developments in the prehistoric period. Words showing the earmarks of loanwords datable to Roman times or the Middle Ages are excluded. Most of the remaining collection predates Grimm’s Law. This and further linguistic criteria are consistent with contexts before ~500 BC. The evidence and analysis here lead to the following explanatory hypothesis. Metal-poor Scandinavia’s sustained demand for resources led to a prolonged symbiosis with the Atlantic façade and Central Europe during the Bronze Age. Complementary advantages of the Pre-Germanic North included Baltic amber and societies favourably situated and organized to build seagoing vessels and recruit crews for long-distance maritime expeditions. An integral dimension of this long-term network was intense contact between the Indo-European dialects that became Celtic and those that became Germanic. The Celto-Germanic vocabulary—like the motifs shared by Iberian stelae and Scandinavian rock art—illuminates this interaction, opening a window onto the European Bronze Age. Much of the word stock can be analyzed as shared across still mutually intelligible dialects rather than borrowed between separate languages. In this respect, what is revealed resembles more the last gasp of Proto-Indo-European than a forerunner of the Celtic–Germanic confrontations of the post-Roman Migration Period and Viking Age. This 2020 edition puts into the public domain some first fruits of a cross-disciplinary research project that will continue until 2023. https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf

Diachronica, 2012

For a century, Old Frisian has largely remained in the shadows of its Germanic sister languages. While dictionaries, concordances, and grammars have been readily and widely available for learning and researching other Germanic languages such as Middle High German, Middle Low German and Middle English, whose timelines roughly correspond to that of Old Frisian, or their earlier counterparts, e.g., Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English, few materials have been available to scholars of Old Frisian. Moreover, as Siebunga (Boutkan & Siebunga 2005: vii) notes, “not even all Old Frisian manuscripts are available as text editions”1 making the production of comprehensive core research materials more difficult. Consequently, what materials there have been, e.g., von Richthofen (1840), Heuser (1903), Holthausen (1925), and Sjölin (1969), have typically not taken into consideration the full range of extant Old Frisian texts, or have focused on specific major dialects, e.g. Boutkan (1996), B...