Guidelines to Scientific Paper Writing (Manuscript)

2006

The abstract should concisely summarize the contents of a paper. Since potential readers should be able to make their decision on the personal relevance based on the abstract, the abstract should clearly tell the reader what information he can expect to find in the paper. The most essential issue is the problem statement and the actual contribution of described work. The authors should always keep in mind, that the abstract is the most frequently read part of a paper. It should contain at least 70 and at most 120 words.

2005

The Abstract is a summary of the study, with the primary emphasis on results and conclusions. • Very briefly present the question(s) asked, the experimental design, a summary of observations, and list conclusions.

Write with precision, clarity and economy. Every sentence should convey the exact truth as simply as possible." Instructions to Authors Ecology 19 64 ScientiÞc research demands precision. ScientiÞc writing should reßect this precision in the form of clarity. Unfortunately, a glance at almost any scientiÞc journal will reveal that the above-stated ideal is often not attained in the real world of scholarly publication. Indeed, many of the accusations by non-scientiÞsts of "obscurity" and "elitism" within the scientiÞc community probably originate in the sad fact that many scientists are not capable of expressing their hypotheses and conclusions clearly and simply. Fortunately, much of the confusion can be eliminated if writing is considered part of the pretentiousness. In practical terms, the Þrst of those two suggestions implies that as much effort and consideration should be given to the organization of the paper as was given to the execution of the study, and the second implies that the writer should employ crisp sentences not cluttered with excess verbiage. The purpose of this handout is to help you achieve your goals. This argument may seem more compelling if we look at it in terms of dollars. Much is spent to perform research, and the publication is the distillate of that expensive work, all that will survive and communicate what was learned. Moreover, the scientist pays to have papers published, currently $50 per page for many journals. If the content is not clear, the research will be lost, and the money spent to perform it was wasted. If the text is verbose, the author will pay dearly in page charges. Do not consider the following guidelines as unbreakable rules. The particular format and style adopted for a given paper depend upon both the nature of the report and the journal or other publication in which the paper is to be published. For our purposes, we will use the format of Ecology, the publication of the Ecological Society of America; refer to recent issues as models. All journals publish "Instructions to Authors" annually in one of the issues. In other words, there is often more than one "correct" way of doing something, depending on your intentions. However, the practices adopted here are straightforward and intuitively simple. You are advised to become familiar with details of organization, section headings, methods of data presentation, and ways of citing and listing references by examining recent papers in any well-established scientiÞc journal. 1. the purpose of the study (the central question); 2. a brief statement of what was done (Methods); 3. a brief statement of what was found (Results); 4. a brief statement of what was concluded (Discussion, in part).

During the research studies students write various types of papers, which show their knowledge and skills in solving theoretical as well as practical problems. Papers to be written by a student are all those tasks and assignments that are to be drawn up and submitted on paper or electronically, which reveal the student's skills of analysis, generalizing skills, her/his orientation in the respective area of specialty. These papers show how the student is able to independently formulate research problems, analyze with the help of appropriate methods, research and solve them.

The abstract is the essence of the full text. Before the main body, the purpose of the abstract is to let readers understand the full text briefly. When an abstract is used, it is always placed at the start of a manuscript or typescript, serving as the starting point for any academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines have the goal of compiling a body of literature on that subject. Furthermore, an abstract summarizes the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence, usually in one paragraph of between 200-400 words, and includes: the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; the basic design of the study; major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions. Writing scientific publications is difficult for many new researchers, and few receive formal training in how to communicate their findings in writing. Nonetheless, publication is frequently necessary for employment advancement, funding, academic qualification, or a combination of these factors. Generally, an abstract is a short summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a specific subject that is frequently used to help the reader determine the paper's purpose quickly.

Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 2015

The main objectives of scientific meetings include encouraging the exchange of experiences among participants. Making such experiences known to others is usually achieved through an "Abstract," defined as an abstract from an original research, a clinical case report or a professional experience. An abstract is a piece of scientific writing that, even though it refers to a larger piece of writing, it should be absolutely independent and convey knowledge in an understandable manner.

Journal of Chemical Education, 1994

Present the important findings. Include values and methods that are crucial to their understanding and interpretation. Omit other details. The summary is easier to write after Results and Discussion are completed.

Annals of Forestry, 1993

Help your readers, referees, editor and yourself by careful attention to detail. The summary should be an informative precis of facts and conclusions, not merely a description of the paper. Make the paper easy to read, don't use jargon and have a colleague check it before you submit it to a journal. Use figures rather than tables, and keep the whole paper, including tables and figures, clear, simple and to the point. Consult the journal's' Instructions to contributors' before submitting.

2011

The Abstract is one of the most central elements of your article, luring other people to read it and may also influence the acceptance of your article. An abstract must describe the purpose of your article. Moreover, it must describe how you have realised your research and provide few key findings and any practical implications. You can build your abstract by answering the following questions with one or two sentences for each one: