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2013
AI
This document presents training data related to the gymnastics programs in the former Soviet Union, detailing the volume of training activities and their organization over various age groups. It provides statistical insights into training intensity, weekly training hours, and the elements performed by gymnasts of different ages, as well as comparisons between male and female gymnasts. The data aims to highlight the structured approach to gymnastics training during that period, emphasizing both physical preparation and specialized activities.
Sports Medicine, 1990
SciENcE OF GyMNASticS
An understanding of the multiple factors affecting young gymnasts is required to assist in optimizing performance and injury prevention. We aimed to determine the effects of participation level (international and national level gymnasts), apparatus (beam and floor) and training phase (pre-competition and competition) on estimates of training load in 25 female artistic gymnasts (mean age 9.5, SD = 1.6 years, training age 1.9, SD = 0.7 years). Video analysis was used to determine frequency of observed gymnastic-specific movements involving estimates of ankle and wrist impacts, landings, balance-related skills, and rotations. To further estimate training load, 16 gymnasts performed sport-specific skills, on a portable force platform.
International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 2011
The present study evaluates the influence of a periodized training programme on the technical performance of beginner gymnasts. The sample population, consisting of 17 artistic gymnasts, all female, between 8 and 13 years of age, was divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG; n = 9) and a control group (CG; n = 8). Initially, both groups underwent a diagnostic evaluation to determine the baseline technical level of the athletes. Both groups then underwent a 24-week training programme involving three hour-long sessions per week. The EG participated in a periodized programme, while the CG had no periodization. At the end of the training period, both groups underwent another diagnostic evaluation (post-test), which revealed a higher technical level among those who had taken part in the periodized training programme.
2011
The purpose of the paper is the periodization of the training effort during a macro-cycle of training and the presentation of the means contents along different stages of training of Junior III female gymnasts. Methods and procedures. The study was carried out during a period (15.01.2007- 3.04.2007) formed of 3 mezzocycles (basic, pre-competitive and competitive), 11 micro-cycles of training, applied on 8 junior female gymnasts, aged from ten to twelve, category III. The gymnasts’ progresses were monitored along the training periods in workouts and competitions, using the statistical-mathematical method and the graphical representation method. Results The study results show the order and the working schedule on apparatus during the training period, emphasizing the sequence of their carrying out in two training sessions per day, the effort characteristics and the contents of the means in different stages of training, also, last but not the least, the performances achieved in competit...
Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2018
Research background and hypothesis. The efficacy of athlete’s sport performance depends on the targeted training in certain periods, organization, management, individual adaptation of an athlete to the loads of training and competitions. Research aim was to determine the impact of specific training on sport performance of 13–14-year-old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics.Research methods. The experiment resulted in modeling three different training programs and establishing the structure of the content of the training programs, as well as athletes’ sport performance. The training load protocols registered the time for choreography, element mastering, competitive routines and athletic training in each training session. The efficacy of the training programs was established registering the realization of competitive activities under competitive conditions, according to the number of points received by the gymnast of each training program, according to the place won.Research r...
Biology of Sport, 2014
The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological indices of competitive routines in women's artistic gymnastics by characterizing post-exercise heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2) and peak blood lactate concentration (Lmax) in a group of eight young elite-oriented female gymnasts. HR was continuously monitored with Polar RS400 monitors during the test event simulating a competition environment. Within 5 s of the end of each routine, the breath-by-breath gas analyser mask was placed on the face to record VO2. VO2max was calculated by the backward extrapolation method of the VO2 recovery curve. Lmax was obtained during recovery (min 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10) subsequent to each event. One week later, HR, VO2 and Lmax were measured during an incremental continuous treadmill test. The treadmill test was confirmed as the assessment with the highest physiological demand. The gymnasts reached their highest values of HR (183-199 beats/min), VO2/Bm (33-44 ml/kg/min) and Lmax (7-9 mmol/l) in the floor and uneven bars exercises. The vault was the event with the lowest HR (154-166 beats/min) and Lmax (2.4-2.6 mmol/l), and the balance beam had the lowest VO2 (27-35 ml/kg/min). The mean relative peak intensities attained in the different events, which ranged from 65 to 85% of the individual VO2max and HRmax recorded in the laboratory, suggest that cardiorespiratory and metabolic demands are higher than previously indicated. The high percentage of VO2 measured, particularly after the floor event, suggests that aerobic power training should not be neglected in women's artistic gymnastics.
Sports
The objective of this study was to monitor the training loads (TL) and well-being of elite rhythmic gymnastics (RG) athletes, as well as compare these variables between starters and reserve gymnasts during 25 weeks of training. Ten athletes from the Brazilian national RG team (17.4 ± 1.1 y of age) were monitored during the general preparatory period (GPP), specific preparatory period (SPP), and pre-competitive period (PCP). The internal TL was quantified with the use of sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE). We assessed well-being daily with a well-being scale. The TL, duration, monotony, and strain were calculated weekly. We found that the internal TL and session durations were 9242 ± 2511 AU and 2014 ± 450 min, respectively. The internal TL, strain, and monotony were greater in the PCP than in the GPP and SPP for starters. In the SPP, there were statistical differences in internal TL (p = 0.036) and strain (p = 0.027) between starters and reserves. In the PCP, there were ...
Advances in Physical Education, 2018
The purpose of this study was to clarify trends of rhythmic gymnastics performance and to obtain fundamental data for the composition of routines. The study surveyed women's individual games and four events at the 2013 All-Japan Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships (27 gymnasts), the 2013 World Championships (10 gymnasts), the 2014 World Championships (12 gymnasts), the Olympic Games in 2016 (10 gymnasts) and found the number of body difficulty performed, performance time, and duration of single difficulty on each routine. Further, the study examined BD performance time by group. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted by using championships as between-subjects factors and gymnastic apparatus as within-subject factors. In terms of difficulty performance time and duration of single difficulty, there were significant interactions between the 2013 Japan Championships and the 2013 World Championships. While no significant interaction was found among the 2013•2014•2016 world championships, there were significant main effects in gymnastic events (All p < .05).
Sport Sciences for Health
Purpose Rhythmic (RG) and artistic gymnastics (AG) are very popular female sports. These two disciplines share some common points but, at the same time, they display some relevant differences in terms of physical and technical characteristics. The aim of this study was as follows: (1) to clarify how gymnastic training background over the years could lead to the development and motor learning of the motor skills and (2) to highlight differences of conditional skills achieved by RG and AG athletes. Methods For these aims, 45 athletes were selected, belonging to three balanced groups: promotional (PG, n = 15), RG (n = 15), and AG (n = 15). Participants were tested for joints mobility, balance, explosive strength, speed, and endurance tests. Results Statistical analysis showed a good test–retest reliability of the measurements (ICC > 0.870) and some significant differences between PG, RG, and AG. RG showed higher values in joint mobility tests (coxo-femoral mobility, 166.7 ± 6.3°; si...
Educational Research and Reviews, 2013
The purpose of this study is the determine the influence of gymnastics training integrated with physical education courses on selected motor performance variables in seven year old girls. Subjects were divided into two groups: 1, control group (N=15, X=7.56±0.46 year old); 2, gymnastics group (N=16, X=7.60±0.50 year old). The students in the control group followed the physical education curriculum for 10 weeks. The students in the gymnastics group took gymnastics training for 10 weeks in addition to physical education curriculum, and this training was given for two days (one hour each) at the university gym. Statistical analyses (t test) showed that basic gymnastics training improves selected motor tests like standing long jump, trunk lift, sit and reach, balance, run 20 m, chin-up, curl-up, pushup (p<0.05). Nevertheless, physical education classes alone did not affect these motor performance variables (p>0.05), which were not expected.
Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2018
Research background and hypothesis. The efficacy of athlete’s sport performance depends on the targeted training in certain periods, organization, management, individual adaptation of an athlete to the loads of training and competitions. Research aim of this work was to determine the impact of intensive training on sport performance of 14–15 year old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics and their optimization. Research methods. The experiment resulted in modeling two different training programs and establishing the structure of the content of the training programs, as well as athletes’ sports performance. The training loads protocols registered the time for choreography, element mastering, competitive routines and athletic training in each training session. The efficacy of the training programs was established registering the realization of competitive activities under competitive conditions according to the number of points received by the gymnast of each training program ...
Medical problems of performing artists
The purpose of this study was to examine the specific effects of a 6-month training-program on Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) athletes’ physical performance characteristics. 71 rhythmic gymnasts and 81 non-gymnasts (total n=152 girls) were divided into four age-categories: 8-10yrs, 11-12yrs, 13-14yrs, and 15–17yrs. Field measurements of speed, muscular strength, jumping ability, explosive power and flexibility were performed before and after a six-month training-program. The analysis of covariance, using as covariate the initial values, indicated that RG athletes attained the best scores in speed (p<.001), jumping ability (p <.001) and sit-ups (p<.001) and were more flexible than the control group in the sit-and-reach test (p<.01) and the shoulder flexibility measurements (p<.001). In addition, gymnasts presented significant progress and obtained the highest scores in the majority of the tests in contrast to the control group after six-months of training. When measuring the...
International journal of sports medicine, 2011
This study examined the relationship between the performance level as evaluated by expert coaches and the results on a multidimensional test battery in female gymnastics. 4 coaches assigned 168 female gymnasts aged 6-8 years into 2 groups (Elite-level potential, n=103 and Sub-elite-level potential, n=65) based upon their technical evaluation of the gymnastics abilities on the 4 apparatus. Moreover, anthropometric, physical and coordinative characteristics were assessed. ANOVA with age as fixed factor revealed that results on all aforementioned characteristics, except body fat%, sit-and-reach, rope climbing and a motor coordination test, significantly improved with increasing age. MANCOVA with competitive level as fixed factor and age and maturity as covariates indicated that all gymnasts portrayed a similar athletic built (Wilks' lambda=0.95, F=2.20, p=0.071), but the elite-level potential gymnasts outperformed the less gifted gymnasts on all physical (Wilks' lambda=0.65, F=...
Zdravje otrok in mladostnikov / Health of Children and Adolescents
Introduction: Physical activity (PA) has many health benefits for children and adolescents and can contribute to adequate body mass, increase bone density, prevent as chronic noncommunicable diseases and improve cognitive skills. Accelerometers are valid and useful devices for assessing the intensity and volume of PA in children and adolescents. Therefore, accelerometry has become one of the most objective methods to measure PA in children and adolescents. The aim of our study was to investigate whether our sample of gymnasts achieved the daily recommendations of PA. We hypothesized that there would be differences in mean of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between weekdays and weekends. We also hypothesized that our sample would be less sedentary than their peers, which has been found in several studies. Methods: Twenty-nine female gymnasts (Salto club) participated in our study, from which we obtained 25 useful data.
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2018
The aim of this study was to identify the training variables that can determine the score in elite rhythmic gymnasts. Seven female rhythmic gymnasts participated in the study (age 15.7 ± 1.2). Performance data were collected from elite gymnasts (n=7) in competition exercises executed over 10 sessions occurring in the competition period. Additional variables such as heart rate, subjective rate of perceived exertion, competition category, number of apparatus, number of competitive exercises and number of training sessions were also collected. Data were examined using linear regression. Results showed that the heart rate average values ranged between 137 and 154 beats per minute. At the end of the competitive period, a decrease in the perceived exertion and the average score of the exercises were observed. An increase in the heart rate (p <0.01) and in the perceived exertion (p <0.05) has a positive impact on the total final score. The variables of heart rate and subjective rate of perceived exertion are significant to control the effects of training on the performance of individual rhythmic gymnasts. Moreover, they enable the coaches to control the training load in an affordable and reliable way.
2020
Aim. The aim of this study was to compare the indices of physical development, frequency and time duration of training, and the results of physical fitness tests depending on age and level of sports achievements among rhythmic gymnasts. Materials and methods. The study comprised 36 rhythmic gymnasts: Gr1 (n=13, 9.0±1.0 years), Gr2 (n=11, 11.36±0.5 years), Gr3 (n=12, 14.27±0.7 years). After standardised sports interview, the groups with lower level of sports achievements (LSL) (n=20) and higher level of sports achievements (HSL) (n=16) were defined. Measurements of body height and mass were performed. The study participants performed the broad jump test, Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open (UPST-EO) and Eyes Closed (EC), and the rhythmic gymnastics specific coordinative test with a hoop. Results. The number of training sessions per week and their duration did not depend on age. The results of the broad jump were significantly different for groups Gr1, Gr2 and Gr3 (F=27.02, p<0.01)...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the somatic development and comprehensive physical fitness of artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years. Materials and methods: Gymnasts (n = 307), split up into four age groups performed eight Eurofit tests. The results were evaluated in points according to the development standards prepared in scale T for the Polish girls population. Results: The gymnasts obtained the highest growth rate in balance test-FLB (13 points), arm and shoulder muscular endurance test-BAH (7 points) and speed of the upper limb movement test-PLT (4 points) out of eight physical fitness tests. Conclusions. High and very high level of performance in the six Eurofit tests and increased total number of points in the subsequent age groups of artistic gymnasts proved high effectiveness of training in shaping the key components of a comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnastics-balance, strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. Relatively little progress in isometric hand strength (HGR) and standing broad jump (SBJ) suggests a significant influence of genetic factors on the level of these abilities. The results provide an objective information useful in optimizing control system of training effects in comprehensive physical fitness and optimization of artistic gymnasts training at the comprehensive stage of sports training.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015
Science of Gymnastics Journal, 2019
Artistic gymnastics can be practised from an early age and develops the main components of physical fitness. The aim of this study was to assess the physical fitness of young competitive artistic gymnasts from Bulgaria. A total of 161 gymnasts (81 females and 80 males), who were divided into three groups (from 5-8, 9-11, and 12-15 years of age), with sports experience from 12 to 180 months, took part in this study. All of the participants completed the extended version of the Alpha-Fit physical fitness test battery, with European norms being applied to calculate percentile scores for each fitness test. The height-for-age percentile scores in the groups between the ages of 9-11 and 12-15 were significantly lower from the 50th percentile of the international norms, both for male and female gymnasts. Gymnasts showed substantially lower body fat, and only one gymnast was assessed as overweight, with two being classified as obese. The percentile scores of the standing long jump and the 4x10 m SRT in the groups were significantly greater than the 50th percentile of the available European norms. The percentile scores of the VO2max in all female groups were also higher than the 50th percentile of the European norms, while those for males did not differ from the 50th percentile, except in the 5-8 age range. Artistic gymnastics improves the physical fitness components and positively influences children’s physical development. Both female and male artistic gymnasts had better physical fitness in most parameters, in comparison with their peers.
International journal of sports physical therapy, 2012
A reliable and valid method of measuring and monitoring a gymnast's total physical fitness level is needed to assist female gymnasts in achieving healthy, injury-free participation in the sport. The Gymnastics Functional Measurement Tool (GFMT) was previously designed as a field-test to assess physical fitness in female competitive gymnasts. The purpose of this study was to further develop the GFMT by establishing a scoring system for individual test items and to initiate the process of establishing the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the GFMT. A total of 105 competitive female gymnasts ages 6-18 underwent testing using the GFMT. Fifty of these subjects underwent re-testing one week later in order to assess test-retest reliability. Construct validity was assessed using a simple regression analysis between total GFMT scores and the gymnasts' competition level to calculate the coefficient of determination (r(2)). Test-retest reliability was analyzed using Mod...
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