Globalization and identity loss

IJAEDU- International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 2016

The main features of globalization and identity are discussed in this paper. There are talking about the essence of globalization, the historical stages, the directions and the main signs. Here is analyzed the views of the researchers of globalization, hyper globalists, skeptics, transformationists on this topic. Here are some historical analogies of globalization on the examples of political globalization, economic globalization and cultural globalization. Identity is analyzed as a counterweight to globalization postulates. Also is talked about religion as a "peculiar" globalization essence.

The term and process of globalization ignited many debates and social struggles all over the globe. The process of globalization has significant impact on transforming the world economy. The struggles of the people are often articulated in terms of identity, self respect and cultural autonomy in the backdrop of globalization. Globalization is a move towards uniformity of culture, lifestyles, values of the diverse nations and communities. And on other there are efforts to retain ones own culture, life and values. This is resulting in hegemony of the dominant nations and assertions of identity politics in response to this phenomenon. The identity politics are not only redefining one's own existence but also citizenship. These struggles are reformulating the ethics of political traditions of liberal, radical, conservative and communitarian. Social justice as an ethical tool may be helpful in evaluating the ideologies of these political streams in relation to identity politics. In other words, strength and weakness of identity struggles may be debated in the wake of globalization. Globalization and its Discontent Today the word globalization becomes a master word, a metanarrative as many debates are centred on this. It had many connotations. The literature on globalization informs that globalization often identified with neo liberalism and economic globalization. In other words, it is a continuation of capitalism with faster than earlier through technological revolution. Globalization is defined by a policy framework of increased competition, capital mobility, liberalization of trade, financial markets and privatisation, all seeking to alter and reshape the relationships between capital, employment and the role of government. The policy framework of neo-liberalism makes financial capital more mobile and no longer tied to the nation state. Globalization is not a new phenomenon, but it has involved some real changes in terms of scale, speed, and cognition (Kinnvall, 2002a). In terms of scale, the number of economic, political, and social linkages between societies is greater than at any previous time in history. In terms of speed, globalization involves a compression of time and space never previously experienced; in terms of cognition, there is an increased perception of the globe as a smaller place-that events elsewhere have consequences for our everyday political, social, and economic lives, affecting individuals' sense of being. It is this de-territorialization of time and space that affects daily life. The key to understanding globalization is theorizing at once a product of technological revolution, and global restructuring of capitalism in which economic, technological, political, and cultural features are intertwined. 1 Globalization is not only an economic process, but also had impact on cultural and political spheres of life of the nations of the world. It is about politics of power. It is about cultural hegemony. It is about the journey of global capital and its efforts to expand its market base. Further to talk globalization is to talk about the story of dominance of developed nations over other and increased inequalities of the underdeveloped. The discourse on globalization is not complete unless until we take note of discontent or resistance to globalization. However,

Development and Change, 1998

Language Individual Society, 2014

Globalization, today, is marked as a relatively new discourse although it refers to some old processes that in the previous years had been interpreted a little bit differently. In that sense the universalization and internationalization are just synonyms for globalization of which there are controversial arguments in scientific academic circles and the international public. Globalists and anti-globalists are divided in their attitudes on the effects that it causes nationally and globally. Issues in terms of the theoretical reorganization of space and time that it defines in terms of economical, political and cultural context of an unspecified geographical area, with undefined borders and undefined global governments are disputable. That is why it cannot be regarded neither as Americanization, nor Europeanization, and each attempt at a simple regional gathering of national governments in their joined actions is solely a reduced understanding of the growing global interdependency that simultaneously produces cultural diversity and is nurturing cultural identities at a local level. Their proportional dependency revives in practice the new amalgam of Robertson-glocalization.

Globalization implies multiple processes that are not uniform, as they take place in a di€erentiated manner in time and place. They are also of a multi-faceted and contradictory nature. The diverse and paradoxical nature of globalization processes has given rise to new identities with di€erent levels of aggregation, such as global identities and has given renewed importance to ethnic and religious identities in the shaping and reordering of global, regional, national and local spaces. Paralleling these trends has been a resurgence of theoretical debate about the challenges posed by globalization, such as the identity and freedom of the individual vis-aÁ-vis community and belonging; justice vis-aÁ-vis membership ; diversity and pluralism; collective identities and religion; and the changing scope of the private and public spheres. The author explores some of the new challenges and trends and their expression in the theoretical debate. La globalisation implique de multiples processus qui prennent place de diverses facË ons dans le temps et l'espace et qui, deÁs lors, sont heÂteÂrogeÁnes. Ils sont aussi multi-faces et de nature contradictoire. Ce caracteÁre di€eÂrencie et paradoxal des processus de globalisaiton a donne naissance aÁ de nouvelles identiteÂs s'expri-mant aÁ divers niveaux d'agreÂgation, telles que les identiteÂs globales. Il a en outre amene un regain d'importance aux identiteÂs ethniques aÁ travers le remodelage et le reÂordonnancement des espaces globaux, reÂgionaux, nationaux et locaux. ParalleÁlement aÁ ces tendances, on a assiste aÁ une reÂsurgence du deÂbat theÂorique aÁ propos des de®s que souleÁve la globalisation, concernant des questions telles que l'identite et la liberte de l'individu vis-aÁ-vis de la communaute et de l'appar-tenance; celles aussi de la justice face au membership, de la diversite et du pluralisme; celles encore des identiteÂs collectives et de la religion et des change-ments de perspective dans la distinction des spheÁres priveÂe et publique. L'auteure entend explorer certains de ces nouveaux de®s et de ces nouvelles tendances, ainsi que les expressions qu'ils reveÃtent dans le deÂbat theÂorique.

Philosophy Study, 2016

Communicational and international developments have different aspects in today's world so that some terms like "Internationalization," "Liberalization," "Universalization," "Westernization," "Deterritorialization" find interferences in social sciences and humanities studies. But these terms can generally be distinguished by two different categories of study as some experts have emphasized that the above developments are in the process (Globalization) while the others considered them on the project (To Globalize). The main problem is that how we can find out the focal point of both studies through which the accuracy of these claims to be verified to know whether contemporary changes and evolutions are formed in a process or a project. It seems that the focal point in the sphere of both claims (processes and projects) is the issue of "identity" since both spheres agree that the concept of "identity" has passed a series of changes and developments, although each one renders the path and goal of "identity" changes by its own specific interpretations. In this article, we claim that using linguistic approach we are able to review the developments and evolutions' flow of identity in the present era and thereby it can be found that the developments in information and communication would lead to creating a process in the context of Globalization or a project on Universalization. The assumption of this study is that by explanation of the above-mentioned situation, we can see that based on the linguistic approach, the process of making identity is "context-based" and "conditional" as opposed to a project view formation and relative continuity of identification process would generally be subject to the condition.

2013

The purpose of this contribution is to analyze the impact that the ongoing globalization process has on the cultural identities of peoples. However, to be able to carry out this analysis it is first necessary to locate the process of globalization within the realm of understanding culture, something which is usually not done. The commonly used definition of globalization comes from the economic realm, from the opening up to free trade and from the growing interdependence of world markets at their different levels. To this definition is usually added the political and institutional dimension, the responsibility of the organisms of the United Nations, multilateral pacts, and regional agreements. In both dimensions there exist, certainly, involved cultural aspects: the so-called ‘cultural industry’ and ‘show business’ on the one hand, and cultural institutions protected by law, such as schools, universities and the media, on the other. However, with an approach of this type we only tou...