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2009
Abstract: A computational framework for coupled aeroelastic analysis of helicopter rotors was developed, tested and successfully validated as part of the HUSH program. The Python-based framework allows the combination of solvers of different disciplines for analysis of different rotorcraft problems in both serial and parallel computing environments. In addition, the framework standardized code interfaces such that multiple codes which have similar functionality can be substituted with ease thereby increasing the spectrum of verification ...
The Aeronautical Journal, 2006
The prediction of blade deflections and vibratory hub loads concerning helicopter main rotors in forward flight is the objective of this work. They are determined by using an aeroelastic model derived through the coupling between a nonlinear blade structural model and a boundary integral equation solver for three-dimensional, unsteady, potential aerodynamics. The Galerkin method is used for the spatial integration, whereas the periodic blade response is determined by a harmonic balance approach. This aeroelastic model yields a unified approach for aeroelastic response and blade pressure prediction that may be used for aeroacoustic purposes, with the possibility of including effects from both blade-vortex interaction and multiple-body aerodynamic interaction. Quasi-steady aerodynamic models with wake-inflow from the three-dimensional aerodynamic solver are also applied, in order to perform a comparative study. Numerical results show the capability of the aeroelastic tool to evaluate ...
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 1996
This paper demonstrates several new methods for computing acoustic signals from helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight. Aerodynamic and acoustic solutions in the near field are computed with two different finite-volume flow solvers for the Euler equations. A solution-adaptive unstructured-grid Euler solver models a rotor in hover while a more conventional structured-grid solver is used for forward flight calculations. A nonrotating cylindrical surface is then placed around the entire rotor system. This surface moves subsonically with the rotor hub in forward flight. The finite-volume solution is interpolated onto this cylindrical surface at every time step and a Kirchhoff integration propagates the acoustic signal to the far field. Computed values for high-speed impulsive noise in hover and forward flight show excellent agreement with experimental data. Results from the combined finite-volume/Kirchhoff method offer high accuracy with reasonable computer resource requirements.
Springer Optimization and Its Applications, 2012
Aerospace Science and Technology, 2013
This paper deals with a computational aeroelastic tool aimed at the analysis of the response of rotary wings in arbitrary steady motion. It has been developed by coupling a nonlinear beam model for blades structural dynamics with a potential-flow boundary integral equation solver for the prediction of unsteady aerodynamic loads around three-dimensional, lifting bodies. The Galerkin method is used for the spatial integration of the resulting differential aeroelastic system, whereas the periodic blade response is determined by a harmonic balance approach. This aeroelastic model yields a unified approach for aeroelastic response and blade pressure prediction, that may conveniently be used for aeroacoustic purposes. It is able to examine configurations where blade-vortex interactions occur. Numerical results show the capability of the aeroelastic tool to evaluate blade response and vibratory hub loads for a helicopter main rotor in level and descent flight conditions, and examine the efficiency and robustness of the different numerical solution algorithms that may be applied in the developed aeroelastic solver. Comparisons among aeroelastic predictions based on different aerodynamic models are also presented.
Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 1995
This paper presents a new method for computing acoustic signals from helicopter rotors in forward flight. The aerodynamic and acoustic solutions in the near field are comouted with a finite-difference solver for the Euler eauations. A uonrotating cylindrical Kirchhoff surface is then placed around the entire rotor system. This Kirchhoff surface moves suhsonically with the rotor in forward flight. The finite-difference solution is interpolated onto this cylindrical surface at each time step and a Kirchhoff integration is used to carry the acoustic signal to the far field. Computed values for highsaeed imuulsive noise show excellent aereement with model-rotor and flieht-testexnerimental data. Results from theuew-method offer high accuracy with reasonable computer resource requirements.
2010
Helicopters are versatile flying machines that have capabilities that are unparalleled by fixed wing aircraft, such as operating in hover, performing vertical takeoff and landing on unprepared sites. This makes their use especially desirable in military and search-and-rescue operations. However, modern helicopters still suffer from high levels of noise and vibration caused by the physical phenomena occurring in the vicinity of the rotor blades. Therefore, improvement in rotorcraft design to reduce the noise and vibration levels requires understanding of the underlying physical phenomena, and accurate prediction capabilities of the resulting rotorcraft aeromechanics. The goal of this research is to study the aeromechanics of rotors in steady and maneuvering flight using hybrid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. The hybrid CFD methodology uses the Navier-Stokes equations to solve the flow near the blade surface but the effect of the far wake is computed through the wake m...
The aim of the paper is the assessment of a methodology for the identification of helicopter rotor state-space aeroelastic representation relating hub motion and blade pitch controls to the loads transmitted to the fuselage. It is suited for the simulation of the dynamics of comprehensive complete helicopter configurations, particularly in application concerning analysis of rotorcraft-pilot coupling (RPC) phenomena, as well as synthesis control laws. Observing the inherently time-periodic nature of theoretical formulations describing rotor aeroelasticity, the state-space form identification method consists of a three-step process in which filtering of spectra of responses to small-perturbation harmonic inputs is followed by the rational form approximation of the corresponding transfer functions. Considering a Bo-105-type helicopter, the numerical investigation is focused on: analysis of critical parameters for an accurate and efficient identification of transfer functions, interpretation of the additional states related to their rational approximation, validation of the state-space rotor aeroelastic representation, and application to RPC aeroelastic phenomenon. Further, the sensitivity of rotor aeroelastic operator and correspondingly RPC simulations to different aerodynamic load models is also investigated.
2008
The acoustic signature of a rotorcraft is often the primary means of detection and identification by enemy forces in the modern battlespace. Additionally, this detection is often accomplished without the need for the sophisticated sensing equipment required for other signature components. While this vulnerability has existed for many generations of rotorcraft, the tools for predicting the acoustic signature and understanding its impact on mission survivability have lagged in development. This is partially due the need for development of multidisciplinary knowledge and capability to predict the aerodynamic performance, structural dynamic response, near-field acoustic character, far-field atmospheric propagation and human perception as well as the historical lack of required computational resources. The advent of cheaper and more ubiquitous computational resources at the all levels in the rotorcraft community alleviated the later issue and left the need for a significant investment to address the former. Approximately four years ago, DARPA made this investment and identified teams of researchers guided by an advisory panel made up of industry and government experts aimed at developing the required assets. The DARPA funded Helicopter Quieting Program was initiated to focus on developing a suite of tools appropriate for use by the designer to predict the acoustic signature of rotorcraft. In the last year, the focus was expanded to leverage the signature prediction capabilities and develop tools appropriate for the mission planner and warfighter that enable visual analysis of the impact of signature change on survivability and operational effectiveness. The end product of this effort was three tool suites, verified using experimental data, capable of predicting the aerodynamic performance and acoustic signature of modern main rotors and the tools necessary to show the impact of signature changes on the mission effectiveness of the vehicle.
1988
Theoretical and experimental developments in the aeroelastic and aeromechanical stability of helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft are addresLed. Included are the underlying nonlinear structural mechanics of slender rotating beams, necessary for accurate modeling of elastic cantilever rotor blades, and the development of dynamic inflow, an urnsteady aerodynamic theory for low-frequency aeroelastic. stability applications. Analytical treatment of isolated rotor stability in hover and forward flight, coupled rotor-fuselage stability in hover and forward flight, and analysis of tilt-rotor dynamic stability are considered. Results of parametri. investigations of system behavior are presented, and correlations between theoretical results Paper presented at the NASA/Army Rotorcraft Technology Conference, NASA Ames Research Center, March 17-19, 1987. * and experiment ,l data from small-and large-scale wlndy unnel and flight testing are discussed.-P ~ (~t A. i * investigations to validate basic theories for beam structural dynamics, unsteady Saerodynamics, and solution methods. Experimental investigations or correlations of aeroelastic tability are not included. In section 3, information about the aeroelastic stabili.y characteristLcs and behavior of rotorcraft is surveyed. hiis includes results of patametric analytical investigations, experimental testing, and correlations to validate prediction AWL_ * 13 * 14 * 16 * *29
TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, 2008
A simulation method for full helicopter configuration is constructed by combining an unsteady Euler code and an aero-acoustic code based on the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings formulation. The flow field and helicopter noise are calculated using a moving overlapped grid system, and the mutual effect of main rotor and tail rotor are studied for the helicopter in hover or forward flight. In the hovering flight calculation, the tip vortex of the tail rotor is dragged by the induced flow of the main rotor, and the detailed phenomena of the flow pattern are captured well. In the forward-flight calculation, noises from the main rotor and tail rotor are predicted to show tail rotor noise for both self noise and the interaction noise with the main-rotor wake. Comparison of noise magnitude shows the relative importance of tail rotor noise according to flight conditions.
2017
The purpose of this project is to numerically develop a code that computes the different forces on the rotor of a helicopter at each time -in order to be able to integrate its movement, and also takes into account some main body forces such as the drag and weight. Besides, a series of trim conditions shall be established in the code, from the helicopter’s data and the trimmed equations of motion. With all that, the helicopter shall be put under a flight case with such conditions, and its movement will be integrated by means of the procedure explained during the project. Due to the scope of the methods used in this project, the main case that will be observed shall be steady forward flight. Such methods are also able to perform some analysis in vertical flight, which is most of the time less complex than forward flight. Hence, in some situations vertical flight formulas and examples will also be included in order to better introduce certain concepts. In order to calculate the forces distr...
44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2006
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The unique demands of rotorcraft aeromechanics analysis have led to the development of software tools that are described as comprehensive analyses. The next generation of rotorcraft comprehensive analyses will be driven and enabled by the tremendous capabilities of high performance computing, particularly modular and scaleable software executed on multiple cores. Development of a comprehensive analysis based on high performance computing both demands and permits a new analysis architecture. This paper describes a vision of the requirements for this next generation of comprehensive analyses of rotorcraft. The requirements are described and substantiated for what must be included and justification provided for what should be excluded. With this guide, a path to the next generation code can be found.
This paper deals with a computational aeroelastic tool for the analysis of rotorcraft. It has been developed by coupling a nonlinear beam model for blades (and wing) structural dynamics description with a boundary integral equation solver for the prediction of aerodynamic loads. This solver is based on three-dimensional, unsteady, potential aerodynamic formulation. The Galerkin method is used for the spatial integration, whereas the periodic blade (and wing) response is determined by a harmonic balance approach. This aeroelastic model yields a unified approach for aeroelastic response and blade pressure prediction that may conveniently be used for aeroacoustic purposes and, in addition, is able to examine configurations where blade-vortex interactions and multiple-body aerodynamic interactions occur. Numerical results show the capability of the aeroelastic tool to evaluate blade response and vibratory hub loads for a helicopter main rotor in level flight conditions, and examine the efficiency and robustness of the different computational algorithms that might be applied in the presented aeroelastic solver. A sensitivity analysis of the predictions on the aerodynamics model used will be also discussed.
1985
The growing application of computational aerodynamics to nonlinear helicopter problems is outlined, w1th part1cular emphasis on several recent quasi-twodimensional examples that used the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equat10ns and an eddy-v1scosity model to approx1mate turbulence. Rotor blade sect10n character1st1cs can now be calculated accurately over a wide range of transonic flow condit1ons. However, a finite-d1fference slmulat10n of the complete flow field about a helicopter in forward fl1ght 1S not currently feasible, despite the impressive progress that 1S being made in both two and three d1mens1ons. The principal limitations are today's computer speeds and memor1es, algorithm and solution methods, grid generation, vortex modeling, structural and aerodynam1c coupling, and a shortage of eng1neers who are skilled 1n both computat1onal flu1d dynamics and helicopter aerodynam1cs and dynamics.
Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2006
A study of helicopter vibration and blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise reduction is conducted using the actively-controlled trailing edge flap (ACF) approach implemented in single and dual flap configurations. The effectiveness of a passive approach based on varying the sweep on the tip of the rotor to modify noise and vibration characteristics of the rotor is also considered. The study is based on a comprehensive rotorcraft aeroelastic/aeroacoustic simulation code that was validated against the experimental data obtained in the Higherharmonic-control Aeroacoustic Rotor Test (HART) program. The effectiveness of the ACF system for vibration and noise reduction is explored on two different helicopter configurations, one resembling a four-bladed MBB BO-105 hingeless rotor and the other similar to a five-bladed MD-900 bearingless rotor. Issues associated with the practical implementation of the ACF approach are emphasized and examined such as: the effects of practical flap saturation limits, constant and 1/rev control inputs and flap overhang. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the ACF system for effective vibration and BVI noise reduction. * Ph.D. Candidate, Student Member aiaa. † François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor, Fellow aiaa, ahs ‡ Postdoctoral Researcher, Member aiaa.
46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2008
2009
A simulation method for full helicopter configuration is constructed by combining an unsteady Euler code and an aeroacoustic code based on the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings formulation. The flow field and helicopter noise are calculated using a moving overlapped grid system, and the mutual effect of main rotor and tail rotor are studied for the helicopter in hover or forward flight. In the hovering flight calculation, the tip vortex of the tail rotor is dragged by the induced flow of the main rotor, and the detailed phenomena of the flow pattern are captured well. In a forward-flight calculation, noises from the main rotor and tail rotor are predicted to understand the tail rotor noise for both self noise and the interaction noise with the main-rotor wake. Comparison of noise magnitude shows that the relative importance of tail rotor noise with respect to the main rotor noise according to the flight conditions.
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