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The recent result of the UK referendum on exiting the European Union (EU) is the more visible sign of the shortcomings and fragmentation of the Union’s political, institutional and policy framework. The present policy brief, which was written months before the UK referendum and draws from earlier works (Tonveronachi 2014, 2015, 2016), proposes to revise the monetary operations of the European central bank, the euro area’s fiscal rules and the financial regulatory approach in order to overcome some of the main inconsistencies and fragilities of the current design. Thought of as requiring no treaty changes and a minimum of political convergence with respect to alternative proposals, if successfully implemented the new design would contribute to give a viable perspective to the Economic and Monetary Union, capable of attracting the EU non-euro area countries that consider the mismanagement of the recent crisis as reason enough for resisting further losses of sovereignty.
The result of the UK referendum on exiting the EU is only the most visible sign of the shortcomings and fragmentation of the Union’s political, institutional and policy frameworks and of the need to reform them. In the economic field, the process of harmonisation of rules directed at creating a single internal market has added increasing constraints and rigidity to member countries in the context of an unchanged political-institutional design. The perception that the convergence on the current set of rules is not capable of producing convergence on results, or anyway generally better results, has increased the socio-political fragmentation inside the Union. The result has been an increasing demand for a partial re-nationalisation of sovereign powers, whose physiology comes from the necessity of higher national flexibility. Having to exclude the path towards significant levels of federal governance as unrealistic, the reality of a union made up of sovereign countries competing under common rules imposes a reflection on how feasible changes in the current set of rules could accommodate the increased demand of national flexibility. Focusing on the euro area, the paper proposes to revise the monetary operations of the European Central Bank, current fiscal rules and the financial regulatory approach in order to tackle some of the main inconsistencies, rigidities and fragilities in the current design. The new design is thought out to require no changes in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, but at least a minimum political convergence. If successfully implemented, it would contribute to give a viable perspective to the design of the Economic and Monetary Union, capable of attracting those EU non-euro area countries that consider the mismanagement of the recent crisis and of its after-effects reason enough for resisting further losses of sovereignty.
DIW Economic Bulletin, 2014
The crisis in the European currency area is not yet over. Although the situation in the financial markets is currently relatively calm, the economic crisis appears to be bottoming out in most countries. Nevertheless, there are still fundamental design flaws in the Monetary Union. If these are not fully addressed, it will only be a matter of time before a new crisis hits, and a partial or complete breakup of the Monetary Union cannot be ruled out. The economic consequences would be devastating‚ not least for Germany. To ensure the survival of the European Monetary Union, fundamental reform is required in three problem areas: the financial markets, public finances, and the real economy. In order to give the Monetary Union a stable foundation, all problem areas must be tackled equally; otherwise, due to interactions between these fields, success in one area might be canceled out by a flare-up of the crisis elsewhere. The present article outlines the elements of such a strategy for the ...
Legitimacy and Effectiveness in Global Economic Governance edited by B.Bossone, M.C. Malagutti, S. Cafaro, S. Di Benedetto , 2013
"The severe crisis affecting the European Monetary Union has emphasised the prevailing interests of national governments and the lack of political leadership of European institutions, not to mention the failure of eurozone governance in terms of effective crisis management. The present work argues that the decisions taken in March 2011 by the European Council, namely the ‘Pact for the Euro’, to design the new governance of the European Monetary Union (EMU), can be considered a necessary though insufficient step for European institutions in terms of credibility and legitimacy. By assessing the economic policy framework set up by the Pact for the Euro, this contribution underlines the need for appropriate institutions, and a stronger attitude of co-operation among Member States. It also stresses the need for transparency and a non ambiguous solution to the debt crisis. The major message of this work is that the Economic and Monetary Union must equip itself with the appropriate policy tools to manage and resolve the crisis, creating the conditions to improve the competitiveness of the peripheral countries of the eurozone and fostering growth. At the same time, however, eurozone member states and European institutions must demonstrate Greater accountability and political coherence."
Perspectives on Federalism, 2016
Contributions in this special issue argue make a number of points with regard to the urgent need to change the economic governance of the Eurozone, pointing at some tools to increase its spending capacity. The process of potential fragmentation ignited by the recent vote on Brexit make such changes even more urgent, signalling the need to provide concrete responses to citizens, in order to show that the euro area, and the EU at large, are able to satisfy some of their crucial needs. The papers which make up this special issue were presented in Florence, at a meeting held in the framework of a
This paper examines the European Monetary Union (EMU) and the euro crisis through the lens of a robust political economy. Based on the history of monetary unions, monetary union is unlikely to survive without a fiscal union or strong constitutional constraints. The EMU has neither, and its institutional structure makes it unsustainable. Since the euro was (and is) fundamentally a political – rather than economic – project, we argue that policymakers will not allow the EMU to fail. Rather, continued movement towards greater EU-level fiscal, and ultimately a fiscal union, are likely.
Facta Universitatis. Series: Economics and Organization, 2013
European Economic and Monetary Union faces the most serious crisis since its foundation. The concept of the Union with a single monetary policy and autonomous fiscal policy, which is partially limited by the fiscal rules, as defined by the Maastricht Treaty (later confirmed by the Lisbon Treaty) and specified by the provisions of the Stability and Growth Pact, has proved to be totally inadequate to address the problems of fiscal discipline of the member states. In such circumstances, the need for institutional reform of the European Economic and Monetary Union has been imposed. Revised fiscal rules and regulations on the coordination of economic policies promote institutional base of EMU. The effectiveness and credibility of the new fiscal framework depends on its strict application, readiness of the Commission to monitor fiscal discipline of the member states and the willingness of other institution, firs of all Council to limit the degree of political discretion.
Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations, 2012
embarked on the penultimate step in this progression. But only half of it-a monetary union without a fiscal union. The Euro-crisis has now called that achievement into question and, in the process, undermined the authority of those espousing a European route towards closer integration, both for themselves as well as for other nations. As a convinced federalist, myself, I would not recommend abandoning the European example altogether, but if there is a lesson to be learned from this sorry episode, it is this: "if you are going to do it, do not do it this way". This article examines the European experience with economic and monetary union from three perspectives-the design, the implementation and the management of the euro-before exploring the implications of the current crisis.
2010
The financial crisis and recession have highlighted a range of problems with the 'euro project', but these problems and difficulties are related to some fundamental issues for the euro. The convergence criteria established by the Maastricht Treaty focused on nominal rather than real variables, failed to relate to issues such as current account positions. There are well-known difficulties of macroeconomic policies under the Stability and Growth Pact including its deflationary nature and the 'one size fits all problem' of imposing common deficit requirements on all countries. The economic performance of the eurozone countries is briefly reviewed with attention paid to the differential inflation rates; also accounted for are the changes in competitiveness as well as the current account deficits, and their implications for the future of economic performance within the eurozone, and the euro itself. The patterns of current account deficits and surpluses are linked with unemployment, lack of competitiveness and budget deficit issues. The nature of the reforms to the operations of the eurozone is examined. The political limits (including those arising from the nature of the Treaty of Lisbon) and the ideological constraints (associated with the neo-liberal agenda) on serious reforms are discussed from which the general conclusion is that the needed reforms will not be carried through. This discussion also includes consideration of the possible role for a substantial EU-level fiscal policy and some other aspects of political union. It is argued that the deep-seated problems are unlikely to be resolved, casting a dark shadow over the future of the euro.
Junior Scientific Researcher, 2020
Over time, the lack of a well-defined direction has made the project on which the entire functioning of the euro area and the European Union are based has undergone various transformations. The defaults of defining and functioning of the European Monetary Union have led to financial crises of the European single currency. The future of the European Monetary Union is uncertain at the moment. In order to avoid any new crisis in the euro area, politics should focus on synchronizing the economies of the member states and redefining the European project. The purpose of this article is to identify the dysfunctions of the Eurozone and to formulate possible solutions for a deeper European integration. To achieve this goal, we need to reach a number of objectives that help us to conclude: to analyze the malfunctions that emerged in defining the European project, to analyze the dysfunctions that led to the emergence of crises inside the euro area and to identify a possible scenario to deepen ...
Financial Crisis, Labour Markets and Institutions
The ongoing crisis of the eurozone is calling its continued existence into doubt, and raising questions on whether it can function effectively. The view of the nature of the eurozone crisis as arising from 'design faults' of the Economic and Monetary Union and a balance of payments crisis with large current account imbalances between countries is developed. The policy remedies (in the form of the 'fiscal compact') which are being put into place will not work in their own terms and will make the economic performance of the eurozone countries worse. Some Keynesian remedies for the crisis in terms of alternative policy proposals for the operation of the Economic and Monetary Union are outlined.
- Maastricht University Faculty of Law Working Papers Collection, 2019
Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2011
The basic proposition of this paper is that the economic problems which have threatened the existence of the euro have not arisen in the main through 'bad' behaviour of some member states. They rather come from 'design faults' in the construction of the euro project. These faults can be seen as present in the nature of the convergence criteria which focus on nominal rather than real variables; pay no attention to the validity of the exchange rates at which countries enter the EMU, or to the prevailing current account deficits and surpluses; nor to the differences in inflation mechanisms between countries. These 'design faults' continue with the inadequacy of a fiscal policy based on numerical targets operating at the national level. The design of the 'independent' European Central Bank has largely precluded the necessary coordination of fiscal and monetary policy, and has also disabled the central banking system from providing sufficient support to national governments and their budget deficits. It is concluded that a complete redesign of the Stability and Growth Pact and related policies is required.
Empirica, 2016
The main theme of the conference was ''The Future of the European Economic and Monetary Union-European Monetary and Fiscal Policies''. 55 papers dealing with macroeconomic policies in the European Union, especially the Euro Area, as well as other fields of economics were presented and discussed. Among the highlights were invited plenary papers by Mike Wickens (University of York), Seppo Honkapohja (Bank of Finland) and Ansgar Belke (University of Duisburg-Essen); and a plenary discussion on ''The Future of the Euro'' with Ansgar Belke, Peter Gauper (Raiffeisen Landesbank Kärnten), Thomas Gehrig (University of Vienna), Ewald Nowotny (Oesterreichische Nationalbank) and Willi Semmler (New School for Social Research, New York) as invited speakers. The present special issue of Empirica-Journal of European Economics contains the invited papers and a selection of papers from the conference devoted to the main topic of the conference. They were selected from a larger number of submissions following the usual refereeing process of the journal. At the time of the conference, economic policy makers in the Euro Area were fully occupied with the ''Greek tragedy'' of exploding sovereign debt amidst a deep recession with record unemployment and negative growth. Several contributions to the conference and to this issue deal with that crisis, which not only affected Greece but the entire Euro Area. Although in the meantime the Greek crisis was mitigated, it cannot be regarded as having been solved. The crisis has several aspects,
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019
The conflicting standpoints on reforming the euro are creating more controversies than practical results. Mistrust between the participants led to shortsighted fiscal discipline that has amplified the economic disturbances. Expert analysis on the proposed reforms is often deficient as the potential of conducting policies under the existing institutional features is not adequately analysed. This shortcoming notably concerns the functions of the Eurosystem. In the present article, reforming the euro successfully calls for a convincing high-level commitment to preserve the euro also in unexpected circumstances and pragmatic improvements in its key functions. In fiscal policy the focus should be shifted to long-term sustainability. The tasks of the Eurosystem to promote the smooth operation of the payment systems at all times and to function as the lender of last resort to solvent governments should be confirmed. Adequate smoothing of short-term asymmetric shocks can be based on the automatic stabilisers in national budgets, possibly accompanied by a specific mechanism with a clause to strictly prevent permanent transfers. Public finances should be directed to mitigating climate change and saving energy. The EU should take a leading role globally in meeting these long-term challenges.
It is well known that the European Union is far from being an optimum currency area. The introduction of the Euro is in fact a political issue, which may indeed be analyzed in a public-choice perspective. In this light, this paper argues that by transferring monetary sovereignty to a federal authority, national policy makers try to protect their rent-seeking prerogatives.
Polish Review of International and European Law, 2020
While neither its institutional, nor legal arrangements fundamentally contributed to the emergence of the Eurozone crisis in the late 10’s of the 21st Century, the crisis exposed significant weaknesses of the EU economic governance, especially its inability to achieve a sustainable level of budgetary discipline. The crisis in particular highlighted the existing divisions of the EU Member States into different integration groups having divergent interests. Notably, it sharpened the division between the Eurozone states and non-Eurozone ones, as well as between the creditor-countries and debtor-countries. The EMU reform agenda adopted after 2008 gave more weighting to the interests of the former states. The emerging post-2008 economic governance-reform arrangements also gave more weight to the ECOFIN Council, at an expense of the European Commission. In the resulting institutional setting, the main aim of the EMU reform agenda was to assure the stability of the Eurozone and to reinforc...
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