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1997
Abstract We propose a novel procedure for testing all multiple stuck-faults in a logic circuit using two complementary algorithms. The first algorithm finds pairs of input vectors to detect the occurrence of target single stuck-faults independent of the occurrence of other faults. The second uses a sophisticated branch and bound procedure to complete the test set generation on the faults undetected by the first algorithm. The technique is complete and applies to all circuits.
1993
This paper presents new cost-effective heuristics for the generation of minimal test sets. Both dynamic techniques, which are introduced into the test generation process, and a static technique, which is applied to already generated test sets, are used. The dynamic compaction techniques maximize the number of faults that a new test vector detects out of the yet-undetected faults as well as out of the already-detected ones. Thus, they reduce the number of tests and allow tests generated earlier in the test generation process to be dropped. The static compaction technique replaces N test vectors by M < N test vectors, without loss of fault coverage. During test generation, we also find a lower bound on test set size. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 1990
A sequence of input vectors which detects all transistor stuck-open faults in a CMOS combinational circuit is a complete test sequence. Given a complete set of two-pattern tests for transistor stuckopen faults in a C M O S circuit, we show that a complete test sequence of minimum length can be obtained efficiently.
2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, 2009
This paper presents a framework that utilizes Boolean Difference theory to find test vectors for stuck-at-fault detection. The framework reads in structural-style Verilog models, and automatically injects single stuck-at-faults (either stuck-at-zero or stuck-at-one) into the models. The simulations are then performed to find minimal sets of test vectors. Using this setup, we conducted experiments on more than 4000 different circuits. The results show that an appreciable savings in test time and effort can be achieved using the method. The same setup can also be used for didactic purposes, specifically for digital design and test courses.
Computers & Electrical Engineering, 1977
A new algorithm is presented for the detection of single gate faults in combinational networks. A gate fault is any unknown transformation of the Boolean function realized by a particular gate or singie-output subnetwork. Detection of such faults is accomplished by verifying the truth table of the correct gate function.
Information Sciences, 1986
The present paper describes some algorithms for generating complete test sets for bridging faults in combinational logic circuits. It is shown how the concept of Boolean difference, which is well understood in the case of stuck-type fault situations, can be employed to generate the complete test set for bridging faults in combinational networks. The cases of single bridging fault and multiple input bridging fault are dealt with. An algorithm is also described for generating the complete test set of a combinational logic circuit in which a single stuck-type fault occurs in the presence of a bridging fault.
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 1991
CMOS circuits present severe problems in the detection of transistor stuck-open faults. In CMOS circuits, the transistor stuck-open (s-open) faults cause sequential behavior, and hence twoor multipattern sequences are used to detect s-open faults. Furthermore, twoor multipattern sequences may fail to detect a fault in several situations. The available methods for augmenting CMOS gates require a large amount of extra hardware and still are not able to detect a fault deterministically. A new design is presented which requires a single transistor to improve the circuit testability. The proposed design is highly testable and ensures the detection of s-open faults while a single test vector is used during testing. These tests are not invalidated due to the timing skews, glitches, or charge redistribution among the internal nodes.
1991
A 16-valued logic system for testing combinational circuits is presented. This logic system has been used to develop SIMPLE, an efficient test generation algorithm for single stuck-at faults. The proposed scheme for testing stuck-at faults is based on imposing all the constraints that must be satisfied in order to sensitize a path from a fault site to a primary output. Consequently all deterministic implications are fully considered prior to the enumeration process. The resulting ability to identify inconsistencies prior to enumeration improves the possibility of quicker identification of redundant faults. In order to prune the search space we have introduced several speed-up techniques that effectively combine the information provided by the deterministic path sensitization and that obtained from the circuit topology. Some properties of undetectable faults are presented and methods to identify them without actual test generation are proposed. 1This work was partially supported by t...
1999
A new hierarchical design error diagnosis algorithm for combinational circuits is proposed, which is based on the stuck-at fault model and assumes the case of single logic gate errors. Decision diagrams are used for representing and localizing stuck-at faults at the higher signal path level. On the basis of detected faulty signal paths, suspected stuck-at faults at gate inputs are calculated, and then mapped into suspected design error(s). Using the stuck at fault model allows to exploit standard gate-level automated test pattern generators (ATPG) for design error diagnosis. Experimental data on wellknown benchmark circuits show the advantage of the proposed method compared to the known algorithms of design error diagnosis.
VLSI Test Symposium, 1998. …, 1998
N-detection stuck-at test sets were shown to be effective in achieving high defect coverages for benchmark circuits. However, the definition of n-detection test sets allows the same set of faults to be detected by several different tests, thus potentially detecting the same defects. We propose an extension of the ndetection model that alleviates this problem by considering mtuples of faults and requiring that different tests would detect different m-tuples. We present experimental results to support this model.
Journal of Electronic Testing, 1996
Two faults are said to be equivalent, with respect to a test set T, iff they cannot be distinguished by any test in T. The sizes of the corresponding equivalence classes of faults are used as a basis for comparing the diagnostic capability of two given test sets. A novel algorithm, called "multiway list splitting", for computing the Equivalence Classes of stuck-at faults, in combinational (full scan) circuits, with respect to a given test set is presented. Experimental results presented show the algorithm to be more efficient than previously known algorithms based on decision diagrams and diagnosibility matrix.
1991
Heuristics to aid the derivation of small test sets that detect single stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits are proposed. The heuristics can be added to existing test pattern generators without compromising fault coverage. Experimental results obtained by adding the proposed heuristics to a simple PODEM procedure and applying it to the ISCAS-85 and fully-scanned ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits are presented to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristics.
IEEE Transactions on Computer-aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 1993
Heuristics to aid the derivation of small test sets that detect single stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits are proposed. The heuristics can be added to existing test pattern generators without compromising fault coverage. Experimental results obtained by adding the proposed heuristics to a simple PODEM procedure and applying it to the ISCAS-85 and fully-scanned ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits are presented to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristics.
1992 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 1992
In this paper, we consider the problem of generating small (compact) test sets for single transition and CMOS stuck-open faults in combinational logic circuits. In addition, we propose that to generate test sets that cover a wide range of physical defects, a test set to detect faults of different models should be derived. Specifically, we address the problem of generating small and comprehensive test sets by considering the CMOS stuck-open and the single transition fault models together. We propose a dynamic test compaction technique for two-pattern tests, which exploits the test compaction strategies developed for stuck-at faults, and performs dynamic test vector overlap to derive small test sets. We present experimental results for ISCAS-85 combinational circuits and fully scanned versions of ISCAS-89 sequential circuits to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed test compaction technique.
presented and detected. The outcomes of single stuck at faults are presented in this paper using Verilog code.
Journal of Electronic Testing, 1991
Tests for stuck-open faults in static CMOS circuits consist of a sequence of two input vectors. Such test-pairs may be invalidated by delays in the circuit. Test-pairs that are not invalidated by delays in the circuit are known as robust test-pairs. We present a six-valued logic system f~ = {0, 1, r, f, Oh, lh}. We show how f~ differs from a number of other logic systems that have been proposed for test generation. This logic system abstracts the important aspects of the transition behavior of the circuit, on application of an input pair, that is necessary to characterize robust test-pairs for stuck-open faults. This characterization of robust test-pairs is used to derive: (i) an algorithm for determining if a given test-pair is a robust test-pair for a given stuck-open fault or not; and (ii) a simplified algorithm for computing a robust test-pair for a stuck-open fault. The resulting algorithm for computing robust tests for stuck-open faults can be implemented by minor modifications to test generation algorithms for stuck-at faults.
International Journal of Electronics, 1995
Prosiding SENTRA (Seminar Teknologi dan Rekayasa), 2018
Stuck-at-faults may occur at input and output gates inside CMOS combinational logic ICs. The faults may be caused by an imperfect manufacturing process. Moreover, they may generate a function of the ICs becomes errors. There are two types of the faults, namely stuck-at-1 and stuck-at-0. The stuck-at-1 and the stuck-at-0 may affect logic values of the gates become 1 and 0, respectively. Thus, they should be detected early. In this paper, a built-in self test circuit is proposed to detect them. The test circuit consists of a linear feedback shift register and multiplexers. The shift register is made by D-flip flops and an XOR gate and is used to generate test vectors. The multiplexers are used as test selectors to select the ICs either in a normal mode or a test mode. Analysis results show that the stuck-at-faults at the combinational logic IC of xx855 can be detected by the test circuit.
2001
In this work, a new and effective procedure, called REDI, to efficiently identify redundant single stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits is proposed. The method is fault oriented and uses sensitizability of partial paths to determine redundant faults. It uses only implications and hence may not determine all the redundant faults of a circuit. However, experimental results presented on benchmark circuits show that the procedure identifies nearly all the redundant faults in most of the benchmark circuits. The key features of REDI that make it efficient are: partial path sensitization, blockage learning, dynamic branch ordering and fault grouping. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed procedure in identifying redundant faults in combinational logic circuits.
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, 1999
Design of an adaptive built-in-self-test (BIST) scheme for detecting multiple stuck-open faults in a CMOS complex cell is proposed. The test pattern generator (TPG) adaptively generates a subset of single- input-change (SIC) test pairs based on the past responses of the circuit under test (CUT). The design is universal, i.e., independent of the structure and functionality of the CUT. The
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2000
methods, the hardware except the storage elements requires simple logic circuits as compared to previous method.