It was in the Three Notes, composed of Althusser's contributions to a discussion of "the theory of discourses" that included Balibar, Macherey, Badiou and, although his name does not figure in the editorial preface, Michel Pêcheux, that Althusser first used the term "interpellation" in a systematic way.
Both the possibility of a subject-less discourse and the re-definition of consciousness as existing in the materiality of discourse were crucial elements of Althusser's recasting of the concept of ideology: Pêcheux was one of the few to "dare" to address the questions congealed in these formulations in a systematic manner and to heed Althusser when he warned (as if he were speaking of his own earlier "flirtation" with discourse theory) that "Linguists and those who appeal to linguistics for various purposes often run up against difficulties which arise because they ignore the action of the ideological effects in all discourses -including even scientific discourses."
Given the fact that the trajectory imposed on Pêcheux by the the conflicts proper to the ISAs essay paradoxically deprived his work of interest to the essay's ever-increasing Anglophone readership for whom the term "discourse" became a sign of the idealist excesses of French philosophy ("there is nothing outside of discourse"), it is imperative to understand that Althusser's abandonment of "discourse" derived from positions not only distinct from, but diametrically opposed to, those based on the Anglo-American rejection of "the linguistic turn."
It was thus left to Pêcheux to develop not simply a materialist theory of discourse, but perhaps even more importantly a theory of the materiality of discourse and of the forms of causality immanent in discourse.
In effect, Pêcheux complicated Althusser's model by recognizing different forms of ideological interpellation, including that which is peculiar to neoliberalism.
Silvestre 1 Franc ßois Lacroix lived from 1765 to 1843. He spent most of his life in Paris, which was arguably the center of the mathematical universe during his lifetime. Although Lacroix was not one of the major research mathematicians of his generation, he was influential as a teacher and examiner, an administrator, and a textbook author. Between 1795 and 1816, he wrote more than half a dozen books. Most were elementary textbooks that went through numerous editions and were translated into a variety of languages, including English translations by the Analytical Society in Great Britain and by John Farrar in the United States. His most significant book, however, was not a textbook for students, but rather an advanced reference work for those already familiar with the calculus, the Traité du calcul différentiel et du calcul intégral [Lacroix, 1797-1800], published in three volumes between 1797 and 1800. Lacroix published a second edition between 1810 and 1819 and also distilled a more elementary single-volume textbook from its contents in 1802, called Traité élémentaire de calcul différentiel et de calcul intégral [Lacroix, 1802]. The focus of João Caramalho Domingues' book Lacroix and the Calculus is primarily on the three-volume Traité, which he refers to as the "large Traité", a practice that will be followed in this review. Because Domingues is mostly concerned with the process of its composition, rather than its later influence, he concentrates primarily on the first edition. In addition, he devotes a chapter to a detailed analysis of the differences between the first and second editions of the large Traité, and an even longer chapter to the 1802 Traité élémentaire. Lacroix and the Calculus begins with a short biographical essay on Lacroix. At 12 pages or so, it is the longest English-language biography available anywhere. Domingues observes that a more detailed biographical study is sorely needed, although his chapter is certainly more than adequate for the study at hand. Based on what Domingues has uncovered, it certainly appears that there is more than enough primary material in the various archival sources, should someone wish to address this need. The biographical chapter is followed by a detailed overview of the large Traité, which begins with a volume on the differential calculus, continues with one on the integral calculus, including differential equations, and concludes with a volume on finite differences and series. 2 This organization is similar to Euler's series of calculus texts. Roughly speaking, Lacroix's first volume corresponds to Euler's large Calculi differentialis [Euler, 1755] and his second volume corresponds to Euler's three-volume Calculi integralis [1768-1770]. The elementary material of Euler's Introductio in analysin infinitorum [Euler, 1748] is represented in portions of the first volume of the large Traité, while some of Euler's more advanced topics are to be found in various places in the third volume. Indeed, Lacroix pointed to [Euler, 1768-1770] in a letter to Legendre of 1789 as one of the most complete
For a number field K with ring of integers O K , we prove an analogue over finite rings of the form O K /P m of the Fundamental Theorem on the Fourier transform of a relative invariant of prehomogeneous vector spaces, where P is a big enough prime ideal of O K and m > 1. In the appendix, F. to the functional equation of L-functions of Dirichlet type associated with prehomogeneous vector spaces.
The Princeton Companion to Mathematics combines cultural, philosophical and historical perspectives on mathematics with substantial accounts of current mathematical subject areas. These accounts are written in enough detail to enable a reader with some universitylevel mathematics to obtain a sense of the character and leading problems of each subject area. The volume is divided into seven parts: nature of mathematics (Part I), historical origins (Part II), mathematical concepts, branches and results (Parts III, IV, V), biographies
Pour certaines équations différentielles déterministes Lu=f, il existe un processus stochastique X t dont l’espérance est solution $ u = \mathbb{E}\left( {X_t } \right) $ . En 1944, Kakutani a montré que la solution du problème de Dirichlet Δu=0 pour x∈Ω et u=f sur le bord ∂Ω du domaine est l’espérance du premier point de sortie du domaine Ω d’un mouvement brownien. Pour une large classe d’équations aux dérivées partielles, le problème de Dirichlet peut être résolu par des processus stochastiques. À côté de cette interprétation probabiliste, on trouve aussi le cas des équations déterministes auxquelles s’adjoint un bruit aléatoire, qui est modélisé par un mouvement brownien. Plus compliqué est le cas où les coefficients de l’équation deviennent euxmêmes des processus stochastiques. D’un point de vue numérique, on emploie pour résoudre les EDP aléatoires des méthodes particulaires. On écrit tout d’abord une formulation faible du problème et on démontre que sous certaines conditions de régularité des coefficients, le problème équivaut à trouver la loi d’un processus qui vérifie une certaine équation différentielle stochastique. On construit alors une mesure empirique qui converge vers la solution du problème. La plupart des résultats théoriques dans ce chapitre sont démontrés dans le livre de Chow (2007).
We study properties of the semigroup (e −tH ) t≥0 on the space L 2 (Γ X , π), where Γ X is the configuration space over a locally compact second countable Hausdorff topological space X, π is a Poisson measure on Γ X , and H is the generator of the Glauber dynamics. We explicitly construct the corresponding Markov semigroup of kernels (P t ) t≥0 and, using it, we prove the main results of the paper: the Feller property of the semigroup (P t ) t≥0 with respect to the vague topology on the configuration space Γ X , and the ergodic property of (P t ) t≥0 . Following an idea of D. Surgailis, we also give a direct construction of the Glauber dynamics of a continuous infinite system of free particles. The main point here is that this process can start in every γ ∈ Γ X , will never leave Γ X and has cadlag sample paths in Γ X .