Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
2016
The lack of physical activity is an epidemic problem among American youth today. In order to combat this, many schools are incorporating youth running programs as a part of their comprehensive school physical activity programs. These youth running programs are being implemented before or after school, at school during recess at the elementary level, or as a community physical activity program at both the primary and secondary levels. This article highlights 13 nationwide youth running programs and 19 additional programs offered in geographic-specific locations within the United States. Moreover, many adult marathon races now provide a simple “Kid's Marathon” mileage training plan so that youth can try to accumulate 25 (or 25.2) miles in the weeks leading up to the race so they can then run their final 1.2 (or 1) mile at a youth race in conjunction with the marathon. A sampling of marathons that offer training plans prior to a youth race, as well as additional marathons offering youth races, is also provided.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 2024
Compared with other sports, running is popular sport for children throughout the world. Over the last few decades, marathon running has become increasingly popular even in the age group below 18 years. While the majority of youth athletes fall within the 16–18 age range, it is noteworthy that there are also participants younger than 12 years engaging in marathon races. Advice on the safety of youth athletes participating in these events is frequently sought by parents, coaches, sport scientists, and medical professionals, particularly concerning potential short- and long-term health consequences. The act of marathon running has the potential to impact key organ systems during the crucial phases of growth and development. To ensure the safety of marathon running in youth runners, it is essential to address multiple physiological and psychological aspects of health. These recommendations are directed towards ensuring the safe participation of youth athletes in marathon races through proper and individualized assessments.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020
Despite the worldwide popularity of running as a sport for children, relatively little is known about its impact on injury and illness. Available studies have focused on adolescent athletes, but these findings may not be applicable to preadolescent and pubescent athletes. To date, there are no evidence or consensus-based guidelines identifying risk factors for injury and illness in youth runners, and current recommendations regarding suitable running distances for youth runners at different ages are opinion based. The International Committee Consensus Work Group convened to evaluate the current science, identify knowledge gaps, categorise risk factors for injury/illness and provide recommendations regarding training, nutrition and participation for youth runners.
Journal of Physical Education Recreation Dance, 2013
Distance running is often underutilized in elementary physical education due to three common misconceptions about using this activity with young children:(1) it is not enjoyable,(2) it is not safe, and (3) children will get mentally “burned out.” Through reviewing the literature and offering guidelines, practical tips, instant activities, and sample block plans, this article sheds light on how to correctly structure training and provide a safe, enjoyable distance-running experience for elementary-age children.
The primary purpose of this study was to develop and implement a pilot running program for youth in first through fifth grade to determine whether it could improve participants’ sprint speed, fitness levels, and self-concept. As a pilot, a secondary purpose was to address the successes and failures of the program to better understand how similar initiatives could use best practices to develop their own programs. Participants were 27 youth (10 boys, 17 girls) who completed a four week, eight session program designed to improve sprint speed, fitness levels, and self-concept. Both the first and final sessions were dedicated to measurement, where participants completed a 20-meter sprint with a running start, 20-meter sprint with a standing start, a PACER test, and four subscales of the Self-Description Questionnaire-I (General Self-concept; Physical Abilities; Physical Appearance; Peer Relations). Participants significantly improved their sprint and PACER times, and self-concept marginally improved. These findings are encouraging, and are discussed to provide others seeking to operate a physical activity program the means to improve on this pilot.
Pediatric Annals, 2016
More young children are participating in endurance running events such as full and half marathons, and the safety of these events for children has been heavily debated. There is a paucity of evidence on either side of the debate. However, overuse injuries, stress fractures, as well as the potential for psychologic burnout are legitimate concerns. Parents who are seeking advice from pediatricians about child participation in these endurance events should be made aware of these risks. Young children may participate in endurance running events under close supervision from health professionals, coaches, and parents, with full medical evaluation before initiation of training, throughout training, as well as 6 to 12 months post-race. Special attention should be made to the psychologic well-being of the child, with the participation in running being child-driven, not parent-or coach-driven, and emphasis on enjoyment and fitness, not competition. [Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(3):e83-e86.]
BMC Public Health, 2013
Background: Running is associated with desirable lifestyle changes. Therefore several initiatives have been undertaken to promote running. Exact data on the health effects as a result of participating in a short-term running promotion program, however, is scarce. One important reason for dropout from a running program is a runningrelated injury (RRI). The incidence of RRIs is high, especially in novice runners. Several studies examined potential risk factors for RRIs, however, due to the often underpowered studies it is not possible to reveal the complex mechanism leading to an RRI yet. The primary objectives are to determine short-and long-term health effects of a nationwide "Start to Run" program and to identify determinants for RRIs in novice runners. Secondary objectives include examining reasons and determinants for dropout, medical consumption and economical consequences of RRIs as a result of a running promotion program.
Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 2021
Aim. In the research, we looked for the relationship between the level of training activity and aerobic capacity as well as the result in the marathon run by an amateur aged 42-51. Materials and Methods. A progressive test was used to determine the threshold speed and load of the training activity. A 10- year period was analysed among amateur runners between the age of 42 and 51. The annual and DSP (Direct Start Preparation) training activity loads were determined. The strength of the relationship between the applied load of training activity and the result in the marathon was assessed, as well as the effectiveness of forecasting the result in the marathon. Results. An average annual volume over 2,500 km (194 hours) was found. During the DSP period, there was definitely an increase in workload. On average, in the DSP, the sub-threshold, threshold and supra-threshold measures constituted 65.7%- 19.4%-14.9%, respectively. A strong correlation was found between the result in the marath...
The Sport Psychologist, 1992
Eighteen elite young distance runners were followed over a 5-year period and examined on their perceptions of parental involvement, commitment, anxiety, and sources of worry as these variables pertained to their competitive running. Results showed that the runners received good parental support and possessed a relatively high level of commitment to running, but that both parental involvement and commitment declined over the 5 years. Fathers were seen as being more involved in their children’s running than mothers were. Also, females were somewhat more committed to running than males were. Males and females exhibited similar anxiety scores and these scores did not increase significantly over time. There was no evidence that these runners suffered excessive anxiety.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and …, 2007
To describe and compare training characteristics of the 2004 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials qualifi ers. Methods: All qualifi ers (104 men, 151 women) received questionnaires. Ninety-three (37 men, 56 women) responded and were categorized as elite (men <2 hours 15 minutes, women <2 hours 40 minutes) or national class. Results: Men and women ran 75% and 68% of their weekly training distance, respectively, below marathon race pace. Men trained longer than women (12.2 ± 5.3 vs 8.8 ± 5.6 years), ran more often (8.7 ± 2.8 vs 7.1 ± 2.5 times/wk), and ran farther (145.3 ± 25.6 vs 116.0 ± 26.5 km/wk). Elite women ran more than national-class women (135.8 ± 31.5 vs 111.3 ± 23.3 km/wk). Distances run at specifi c intensities were similar between sexes. For men and women, respectively, 49% and 31% did not have a coach and 65% and 68% trained alone. Marathon performance correlated to 5-km, 10-km, and half-marathon performance and to years training, average and peak weekly distance, number of weekly runs, and number of runs ≥32 km for women. Conclusions: Among U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials qualifi ers, there is no consensus as to how to prepare for the marathon beyond running at a pace slower than race pace. Weekly training distance seems to infl uence womenʼs marathon performance more than it does menʼs. Because many of these athletes train alone and without a coach, further research is warranted on the reasons that these athletes train the way they do.
Strength & Conditioning Journal, 2018
For the adolescent athlete who chooses to specialize in endurance running, strength and conditioning (S&C) activities provide a means of enhancing several important determinants of performance and may reduce the risk of overuse injury. It is recommended that adolescent endurance runners include at least two S&C sessions per week that comprise of movement skills training, plyometric and sprint training, resistance training, plus exercises designed to target specific tissues that are vulnerable to injury. This article describes how these modalities of training can be integrated into the routine of adolescent endurance runners.
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting running performance in children. Method: A cross-sectional study exploring the relationships between height, weight, waist circumference, muscle mass, body fat percentage, relevant biomarkers, and the Andersen intermittent running test in 2272 children aged 6 to 12 years. Parental education level was used as a non-physiological explanatory variable. Results: Mean values (SD) and percentiles are presented as reference values. Height (β = 6.4, p < .0001), high values of haemoglobin (β = 18, p = .013) and low percentage of body fat (β = –7.5, p < .0001) showed an association with results from the running test. In addition, high parental education level showed a positive association with the running test. Conclusion: Boys display better running performance than girls at all age ages, except 7 years old, probably because of additional muscle mass and less fatty tissue. Height and increased level of haemoglobin positiv...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The market for mass sports events geared towards adults is already saturated, while more new initiatives are exclusively targeting children and adolescents. Mass sports events for amateur athletes can be a great way to encourage young people to exercise regularly, such as in cases where physical education classes do not fully play this role. A lot of research has already been conducted on the subject of adult motivation for participating in amateur sports events, i.e., marathons, ultramarathons, duathlons or triathlons. However, the research niche is children and adolescents’ motivation. The aim of this study is to recognize motivation among children aged 12 for participating in children’s running events in Poland. The study was conducted via a diagnostic survey using the Motives for Physical Activity Measure–Revised (MPAM-R) scale to determine what motivation is most important for young athletes and whether there are any differences in terms of gender. The highest values were obtai...
2020
Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injuries (RRI) has been examined in adults, but only a few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners. Objectives: To examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) and epidemiology of RRI (rates, sites, severity, and risk factors) in competitive adolescent distance runners (13-18 years) in England. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (64 females) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated athletics clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the point of completion, responses were based on the participant’s previous 12-months of distance running participation. Injury incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. Potential injury risk factors were estimated using an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI...
Lancet (London, England), 2017
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
The purpose of the present work was to present a case study on the influence of implementing a structured strength training intervention in adolescent middle distance athletes. An 8 wk strength training intervention was implemented concurrent to the group's middle distance training. Prior to and following the intervention a testing battery was implemented and the following physical qualities were assessed: aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, economy, time trial performance, lower body power and vertical stiffness. The concurrent strength and endurance training intervention was an effective training paradigm for improving economy, running performance and strength phenotypes in elite adolescent middle distance athletes.
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021
Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injury (RRI) has been investigated in adults, but few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners. Objectives: (1) To provide descriptive epidemiology of RRI (risks, rates, body regions/areas, and severity) and examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) of competitive adolescent distance runners (13–18 years) in England, and (2) to describe potential risk factors of RRI. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (n = 113) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the time of completion, responses were based on the participant's previous 12-months of distance running participation. Incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. Results: The IP for “all RRI” was 68% (95% ...
Frontiers in sports and active living, 2022
Children and adolescents with movement challenges have lower instances of physical activity and longer time spent in sedentary behaviors compared to children with typical development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a sport-based youth development running program modified for accessibility using a running frame and to evaluate initial evidence for its efficacy on endurance and functional strength. We completed four 8-week seasons (2-3 times per week) in a combination of 3 different formats by season: online remote (winter and spring), in person in a community park (winter, spring, and summer), and in person in an afterschool setting (autumn). Participants included 13 athletes (average age 14.46 years, range 8-18 years, 4 females), who collectively completed 22 season blocks. Diagnoses included cerebral palsy (n = 10), arthrogryposis (n = 1), Dandy-Walker malformation (n = 1), and transverse myelitis (n = 1). In all settings, participants engaged in activities of social emotional learning, cardiovascular endurance, and muscle strengthening in a progressive manner. We found that each season format was feasible to administer with high attendance rates (76-97%) and positive qualitative feedback from athletes. In addition, promising average improvements in motor performance across a season (6 min frame running test, 170 m; timed up and go test, 8.44 s; five times sit to stand, 14.1 s; and Goal Attainment Scale, t = 65.01) were identified in the pilot data of this non-randomized cohort. Training in any of the proposed settings with an overall goal of completing a community race in a running frame is feasible and warrants further study.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2018
Strength training activities have consistently been shown to improve running economy (RE) and neuromuscular characteristics, such as force-producing ability and maximal speed, in adult distance runners. However, the effects on adolescent (<18 yr) runners remains elusive. This randomized control trial aimed to examine the effect of strength training on several important physiological and neuromuscular qualities associated with distance running performance. Participants (n = 25, 13 female, 17.2 ± 1.2 yr) were paired according to their sex and RE and randomly assigned to a 10-wk strength training group (STG) or a control group who continued their regular training. The STG performed twice weekly sessions of plyometric, sprint, and resistance training in addition to their normal running. Outcome measures included body mass, maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), speed at V˙O2max, RE (quantified as energy cost), speed at fixed blood lactate concentrations, 20-m sprint, and maximal voluntary ...
The Scientific World Journal, 2014
Childhood obesity affects 1 of every 6 youth in the United States. One contributing factor to this statistic is a lack of physical activity (PA). Demands related to accountability which are placed on educators to demonstrate academic achievement often result in resistance to allocating time during the school day for PA. One possible solution is to consider utilizing time after school to integrate PA programs. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a 12-week after-school pedometer-focused PA program on aerobic capacity and to examine the relationship between step count and aerobic capacity in elementary school aged children. A group of elementary students ( = 24; 9.5 ± 0.9 years) participated in a 12-week pedometer-focused PA program that included pretraining and posttraining fitness testing via the 20-meter version of the PACER test. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between the pretest ( = 21.0 laps, = 9.9) and posttest ( = 25.2 laps, = 12.2) scores ( = 4.04, ≤ 0.001). A Pearson correlation revealed no significant relationship between individual step count and the difference between PACER preand posttest ( = 0.318, = 0.130). The program improved aerobic capacity, but an increase in pedometer-calculated step count was not a predictor.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.