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2003
Abstract. Business processes are difficult to plan successfully, and become more so with increases in complexity. However, certain types of business process are known to be more difficult to plan than others. One example is the process of product design, as followed during the development of physical artefacts for production [2]. This form of process is highly complex, uncertain, and non-repeatable; effective methods for design process support must take these factors into account.
Caise, 2003
Business processes are difficult to plan successfully, and become more so with increases in complexity. However, certain types of business process are known to be more difficult to plan than others. One example is the process of product design, as followed during the development of physical artefacts for production [2]. This form of process is highly complex, uncertain, and non-repeatable; effective methods for design process support must take these factors into account.
Research in Engineering Design, 2010
Efficient planning of design processes is of critical importance to meet tight deadlines and budgets; and the development of process planning tools is a lively research area. This paper describes current planning practice in industry and the challenges associated with it. In industry, a multitude of plans are used in parallel each focussing on a different aspect. The units of planning and their resulting plans roughly fall into product plans considering cost, bill of materials and procurement considerations; process plans including different milestone, lead-times, task and activity plans; and quality plans. Over the course of a project, the same plan can serve as a prescriptive plan defining steps in the process, a target plan against which process is measured, and a record of the process. This paper argues that organisations work because individuals use more than one plan and have a tacit understanding of the relationships between these plans. Variations between different companies are discussed before the paper concludes with a reflection on implication for planning support.
2003
Most companies struggle with the efficiency of their processes. One contributory factor is the lack of efficient process planning. This paper describes current planning practise in industry, which uses a multitude of different plans in parallel. The units of planning and their resulting plans roughly fall into product plans considering cost, bill of material and procurement considerations; process plans including different milestone, task and activity plans and quality plans. This paper maps out the ownership of these plans, and establishes that organisations work because individuals use more then one plan and have a tacit understanding of the relationships between these plans. The lack of effective plans affects the company through a lack of understanding of process connectivity and in consequence bad communication.
2010
Findings from industry interviews and an industry survey conducted by Cambridge University targeted toward industry employees with responsibilities related to design process, determined that most organisations create multiple plans when conducting a product design project. Over ninety percent of project actors surveyed suggested that they typically reference multiple plans with a significant number suggesting that they reference more than ten planning documents for a typical project.
Process planning is part of the general product development process that usually follows design and precedes manufacturing. Process planning information typically plays central role in other product development activities, including paradoxically conceptual and detail design, activities that take place before the process planning phase. This vindicates the need for conducting some of the process planning activities formally before or during design. One of the main research issues is therefore the identification of process planning activities that can be performed before the traditional process planning phase so as to support designers with manufacturing information needed during conceptual and detail design. As an attempt to deal with this issue, this paper introduces the idea of 'modular process planning'. It suggests execution of the process planning activities in a modular fashion, starting right after requirements specification. Process planning under the proposed execution framework consists of six semi-autonomous subphases, some of which comprise activities that have to be conducted prior to the process planning phase. This paper also proposes a computer-based method for handling of the process planning information required in product development, including in the design process. A database design and structure of prototype software that manages the process planning information are presented and discussed.
2001
The emergence of a new production paradigm has been widely discussed in the literature. Concepts developed in operations management research related to the new paradigm should also be valid and useful in construction. Unfortunately, these have been weakly applied in the product development processes in most companies, despite the importance of this process.
European Journal of Operational Research, 2001
This paper proposes operational frameworks for structuring product development processes. The primary objective of this research is to develop procedures to minimize iterations during the development process which adversely aect development time and costs. Several procedures are introduced to restructure the development process. The computation of the corresponding product development times is facilitated by two Markov models addressing dierent types of learning. The methodologies are employed to identify a set of managerial concerns in restructuring the product development processes. The developed framework has become an integral part of a re-engineering project for the development of rocket engines at Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International. Throughout the paper, the methodologies are illustrated with the help of this process.
Knowledge Enterprise: Intelligent Strategies in Product Design, Manufacturing, and Management, 2006
This paper presents methodology and guidelines about the use of process modeling languages to support BPR activities in relation with Product Development process. The methodology is based on the complementary adoption of different modeling techniques such as IDEF, UML and ARIS. Starting from the analysis of different models, we have selected and associated the most appropriate modeling suite to each phase of the re-engineering process. At this purpose, diagrams coming from IDEF, UML and ARIS families have been compared with respect to following issues: degree of formality, completeness, simplicity vs. detail, capability to describe "business goal" and support to costing operations.
Expert systems with applications, 2008
In recent years, new product development (NPD) has become more and more competitive and globalized, and the planning phase is absolutely critical for the success of a NPD project. Quality function deployment (QFD) has been recognized as one of the most important approaches for NPD. Nevertheless, the issues of product design scheduling and costing have not been explicitly addressed in the deployment process. On the other hand, the design structure matrix (DSM), a popular representation and analysis technique, has led to its increasing use in a variety of contexts, including product development, project management and system engineering. In this paper, we develop a novel framework which integrates QFD and DSM to support product design planning, including product architecture/components deployment, design scheduling and costing. A knowledge-based database is developed to support the proposed framework. The details are presented and a prototype product design planning system is implemented with a practical application in the semiconductor industry, system-on-a-chip product design planning, to validate the completeness and benefits of the proposed approach.
Computers & chemical …, 1997
We suggest that designing design processes is an ill-posed problem which must be tackled with great care and in an evolutionary fashion. We argue it is an important activity, however, as companies today use a small percentage of the intellectual capital they own when designing, suggesting there is room for significant improvement. We discuss who in industry and academia are currently involved with designing design processes. Based on empirical studies we and others have carried out, we have based our approach to study and support design processes on managing the information they generate and use. We are learning how to carry out studies more effectively with industrial partners, what features we need for managing information to study and improve design processes. We are even learning some general observations about the effect of different behavior of the group on its success at designing.
2014
In automotive development a lot of new power engine concepts were developed. Beneath the combustion engines hybrid drive systems and electric engines were developed. Consumers, public institutions and politics demand alternative drive systems to avoid air pollution, noise and the consumption of oil resources. Therefore electric drive products with innovative technologies were developed additionally. The problem for production plants is to today how these new technologies can be produced additionally to the existing cars with combustion engines. The objective of this paper is to design processes for complex product development with a lot of product variants an production processes which have to produce the complex product variants. The approach is to use BPMN 2.0 (Business Process Modelling Notation) to model the processes between development and production. BPMN 2.0 supports graphical process modelling and executable process modelling. The consequences of complex product development...
Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2012
In the last ten years much more processes are being reported to be designed through a process synthesis approach. It has been recognized during those years that (i) processes for structured products are more difficult to design through process synthesis; (ii) process synthesis is disconnected from product development. In a response to those shortfalls a number of authors have described that the gaps need to be filled, however no methodology extension has been proposed. In this work, we will present extensions to the conceptual process synthesis methodology to include (structured) product design. The whole design methodology spans from how the new product can enlighten the consumer, financial and supply chain boundary conditions, through an optimal flowsheet able to produce the desired product cost effectively. A real case study will be used to illustrate the applicability and scope of the proposed methodology
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 1996
We have reached the point where we need to move beyond the development of CAD tools that only aid designers in solving specific synthesis, analysis, and/or optimization design problems but also aid designers in planning and managing the increasingly complex design process itself. In order to achieve this goal we need to be able to formally characterize and represent the fundamental intentions, strategies, and mechanisms employed during the design process. In other words, we need to be able to formalize the content or the semantics of design rather than simply allowing this information to remain hidden in the syntactical idiosyncrasies of the design "form." Observe that through the realization of such a syntactically transparent and semantically rich design formalism, it becomes possible to articulate the essential concepts of design and model both the design artifacts and the process of design across multiple design disciplines, in a coherent and precise way. In fact we will show that a design formalism with the above characteristics is immediately useful in guiding the development of general purpose, highly effective design process planning and managements meta-tools. Because such meta-tools are capable of capturing the fundamental strategies for controlling complexity embed in traditional design methodologies, and by intelligently making use of such strategies throughout the design process, they allow for the realization of a new generation of powerful CAD environments.
Smart Product Engineering: Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 2013
Process modeling is a set of activities to be followed to create one or more models of a process for a certain purpose. Some modeling methods are more suitable for a given purpose than others, an essential fact to remember when choosing a modeling method. Some literature reviews about product development process modeling and their purposes are available on the literature; however, none of them intend to deplete the subject. Therefore, this research aims to provide a state of the art about product development process modeling methods and propose a detailed and comprehensive classification of them based on their purposes. To this end, a systematic literature review is conducted, followed by the elaboration of a matrix that relates modeling methods to their purposes. The resulting matrix can serve as a starting point for the elaboration of a framework for modeling method selection.
2004
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) promises to further a holistic consideration of product design, emphasizing integration, interoperability, and sustainability throughout a product's lifecycle. Thus far, efforts have focused on addressing lifecycle concerns from a product-centric perspective by exploiting the reusability and scalability of existing products through product platform and product family design. Not much attention has been paid to leveraging the design process and its design in addressing lifecycle considerations, however. In striving for sustainability, it is the design process that should be considered to constitute an engineering enterprise's primary resource commitment.
The performance of the design process in the building industry has a great influence on the success of subsequent processes in construction projects and also on the quality of the final product. Despite its importance, relatively little attention has been given to the management of the design process.
IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology: Part A, 1995
The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for analyzing and improving design processes. The methodology presented uses a directed graph and the corresponding incidence matrix to represent a design process or the relationship between constraints and variables in a design problem. A qualitative analysis approach (critical analysis and concurrency analysis) is used to analyze the process structure and improve it without considering the time aspect. The analysis explores a process structure as well as enhances concurrency of the design process. The critical analysis determines potential activities that may delay a design project and provides suggestions for improvement of the design process. A process with higher degree of concurrency is obtained and therefore the product development time should be reduced. Two examples from electronics illustrate the approach proposed.
The modern business is mostly concerned about the quality of the business process as a guarantee of the product quality. The industrial business is struggling against the increasing complexity of the processes used to produce systems, requiring better coordination between them. We are interested in this paper in coupling the project management process to the product design process. We shall begin with presenting the related work then suggest a method to couple these processes. The latter is based on a mathematical model that generates and optimizes project / production scenarios. This model is similar to a game theory problem for which we propose a resolution algorithm. The implementation of our approach is performed on a multi-agent system.
Lean Product Development: A manager's guide
The purpose of this study is to clarify what role the purchasing function should have in the product development process in order to enable a correct supplier selection at an early stage. To fulfil this purpose a case study was performed at a global manufacturing company. The case study consisted of interviews with people from both the purchasing function and the product development function. The initial literature review showed that purchasing activities has become increasingly important the last decades. The need for purchasing to take a more integrated and strategic role in the companies has with this emerged. Some trends have been supply base optimisation, buyer-supplier relationships and buyer-supplier product development collaboration. The purchasing function then has a key role, where they must coordinate these activities because they know the supply base. However, a gap in the literature was identified concerning the incentives why purchasing should be involved in the product development process as well as how this involvement could be managed. Our conclusion is that involvement of the purchasing function in the product development process will result in cost savings of different kinds, increased product performance, reduced development time and that risks related to delivery are reduced. But to acquire these benefits this thesis has also identified several potential issues that might inhibit the integration of the purchasing function in the product development process. To avoid them it is important that the main objectives for both functions support this integration. Secondly, it is important that the communication between product development teams and the purchasing function is made earlier in the process and to further improve it templates for requests and also recommended parts list should be established. Thirdly, to ensure that suppliers are selected in a proper way the product development process should be complemented with such instructions and this should also be cross-checked at the gates. Finally, the purchasing organisation must be configured to facilitate this integration which can be accomplished by introducing a new role that coordinates purchasing related issues in the product development team.