Robust and fast selective encryption for HEVC videos

2009

This paper proposes a new method for the protection of copyrighted multimedia content. Here the problems of compression and selective encryption (SE) have been simultaneously addressed for the state of the art video codec H.264/AVC. SE is performed in the context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) module of video codec. For this purpose, CAVLC is converted to an encryption cipher using permutation of equal length codes from a specific variable length coding (VLC) table. In our scheme, entropy coding engine serves the purpose of encryption step without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping the bitrate unchanged and generating completely compliant bit stream. Our scheme requires a negligible computational power. Nine different benchmark video sequences containing different combinations of motion, texture and objects are used for experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2016

H.264 video coding standard is one of the most promising techniques for the future video communications. In fact, it supports a broad range of applications. Accordingly, with the continuous promotion of multimedia services, H.264 has been widely used in real-world applications. A major concern in the design of H.264 encryption algorithms is how to achieve a sufficiently high security level, while maintaining the efficiency of the underlying compression process. In this paper a new selective encryption scheme for the H.264 standard is presented. The aim of this work is to study the security of the H.264 standard in order to propose the appropriate design of a hardware cryptoprocessor based on a stream cipher algorithm. Since the proposed cryptosystem is mainly dedicated to the multimedia applications, it provides multiple security levels in order to satisfy the requirements of various applications for different purposes while ensuring higher coding efficiency. Different performance analyses were made in order to evaluate the new encryption system. The experimental results showed the reliability and the robustness of the proposed technique.

2009

www.lirmm.fr This paper proposes a new method for the protection of copyrighted multimedia content. Here the problems of compression and selective encryption (SE) have been simultaneously addressed for the state of the art video codec H.264/AVC. SE is performed in the context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) module of video codec. For this purpose, CAVLC is converted to an encryption cipher using permutation of equal length codes from a specific variable length coding (VLC) table. In our scheme, entropy coding engine serves the purpose of encryption step without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping the bitrate unchanged and generating completely compliant bit stream. Our scheme requires a negligible computational power. Nine different benchmark video sequences containing different combinations of motion, texture and objects are used for experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm.

2011 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security, 2011

In this paper we present a new approach of selective encryption (SE) of video. SE is currently applied to video codec H.264/AVC in order to perform confidentiality and preserve bitrate and data size of the underlying video sequence. Our approach analyzes, each macro-block of a given video sequence, separately before its entropy encoding. In this way, the system decides whether it is necessary to or not to encrypt the current macro-block. On the former case, the selected macro-block is encrypted using the SE-CAVLC in the entropy encoder. This approach allows to encrypt a smaller part of the macro-blocks without disturbing the level of confidentiality.

International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems/International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2010

In this paper, a novel method for fast protection of AVS video coding standard alongwith compression is presented. Here the problems of compression and selective encryption (SE) have been simultaneously addressed for AVS part-2 Jizhun profile. It is performed in the context-based 2D variable length coding (C2DVLC) module of video codec. SE is performed by using the Advanced Encryption Standard

Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2019

To avoid delays arising from a need to decrypt a video prior to transcoding and then re-encrypt it afterwards, this paper assesses a selective encryption (SE) content protection scheme. The scheme is suited to both recent standardized codecs, namely H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). Specifically, the paper outlines a joint cryptotranscoding scheme for secure transrating of a video bitstream. That is to say it generates new video bitrates, possibly as part of an HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) content delivery network. The scheme will reduce the bitrate to one or more lower desired bitrate without consuming time in the encryption/decryption process, which would be the case when full encryption is used. In addition, the decryption key no longer needs to be exposed at intermediate middleboxes, including when transrating is performed in a cloud datacenter. The effectiveness of the scheme is variously evaluated: by examination of the SE generated visual distortion; by the extent of computational and bitrate overheads; and by choice of cipher when encrypting the selected elements within the bitstream. Results indicate that there remains: a content; quantization level (after transrating of an encrypted video); and codectype dependency to any distortion introduced. A further recommendation is that the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is preferred for SE to lightweight XOR encryption, despite it being taken up elsewhere as a real-time encryption method.

Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, 2015

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2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2012

The distribution of copyrighted scalable video content to differing digital devices should be protected during rendering and transmission. The proposed scheme is applied to H.264 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) CABAC bin strings in a compression-friendly and decoder format compliant manner. It achieves this by careful selection of the entropy coder syntax elements for selective encryption (SE) with respect to SVC. Tests show that: decoding delay is small, replacement and key substitution attacks are fruitless; there is no increase in bitrate; and the stream remains format compliant. The proposed SE scheme is extremely suitable for video distribution to users who have subscribed to differing video qualities on medium-to highcomputationally capable digital devices.

EURASIP Journal on Information Security, 2008

In traditional image and video content protection schemes, called fully layered, the whole content is first compressed. Then, the compressed bitstream is entirely encrypted using a standard cipher (DES, AES, IDEA, etc.). The specific characteristics of this kind of data (high-transmission rate with limited bandwidth) make standard encryption algorithms inadequate. Another limitation of fully layered systems consists of altering the whole bitstream syntax which may disable some codec functionalities. Selective encryption is a new trend in image and video content protection. It consists of encrypting only a subset of the data. The aim of selective encryption is to reduce the amount of data to encrypt while preserving a sufficient level of security. This computation saving is very desirable especially in constrained communications (real-time networking, high-definition delivery, and mobile communications with limited computational power devices). In addition, selective encryption allows preserving some codec functionalities such as scalability. This tutorial is intended to give an overview on selective encryption algorithms. The theoretical background of selective encryption, potential applications, challenges, and perspectives is presented.

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2011

This paper proposes a new method for the protection of copyrighted multimedia content. Here the problems of compression and selective encryption (SE) have been simultaneously addressed for the state of the art video codec H.264/AVC. SE is performed in the context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) module of video codec. For this purpose, CAVLC is converted to an encryption cipher using permutation of equal length codes from a specific variable length coding (VLC) table. In our scheme, entropy coding engine serves the purpose of encryption step without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping the bitrate unchanged and generating completely compliant bit stream. Our scheme requires a negligible computational power. Nine different benchmark video sequences containing different combinations of motion, texture and objects are used for experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm.

Proceedings Icip International Conference on Image Processing, 2011

In this paper we propose a new approach to protect video sequences while using selective encryption (SE) and reducing the encryption ratio (ER). Several methods of SE have been applied to video codec H.264/AVC in CAVLC mode in order to perform confidentiality, bit-rate, and data-size of protected video-sequences. In our scheme, SE-CAVLC is used but ER is decreased while preserving the confidentiality of the videos. Prediction error of H.264/AVC is used to spread a selective encryption through each frame, which allows the selection of just a part of the macro-blocks to encrypt.

IEEE Access, 2020

This paper proposes a lightweight cipher scheme aimed at the scalable extension of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codec, referred to as the Scalable HEVC (SHVC) standard. This stream cipher, Symmetric Cipher for Lightweight Encryption based on Permutation and EXlusive OR (SLEPX), applies Selective Encryption (SE) over suitable coding syntax elements in the SHVC layers. This is achieved minimal computational complexity and delay. The algorithm also conserves most SHVC functionalities, i.e. preservation of bit-length, decoder format-compliance, and error resilience. For comparative analysis, results were taken and compared with other state-of-art ciphers i.e. Exclusive-OR (XOR) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The performance of SLEPX is also compared with existing video SE solutions to confirm the efficiency of the adopted scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that SLEPX is as secure as AES in terms of visual protection, while computationally efficient comparable with a basic XOR cipher. Visual quality assessment, security analysis and extensive cryptanalysis (based on numerical values of selected binstrings) also showed the effectiveness of SLEPX's visual protection scheme for SHVC compared to previously-employed cryptographic techniques.

Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2019

There are tremendous impacts of advancement in information and telecommunication technology over the use of multimedia data. Multimedia data especially videos are stored and transmitted through the wired and wireless network, where they can be easily accessed. Thus, safeguarding the video data from unauthorized access and protecting the integrity and authenticity has become mandatory for transmission as well as storage. Encryption is one of the best technologies in Digital Rights Management (DRM) scheme which is used to protect copyright works. This paper reviews some previous and recent works for encryption techniques of H.264/AVC video encoders. The reviewed work has been categorized based on the area where the encryption scheme is applied.

annals of telecommunications - annales des télécommunications, 2014

In the field of video protection, selective encryption (SE) is a scheme which ensures the visual security of a video by encrypting only a small part of the data. This paper presents a new SE algorithm for H.264/AVC videos in CAVLC mode. This algorithm controls the amount of encrypted alternative coefficients (AC) of the integer transform in the entropic encoder. Two visual quality measures, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM), are used to measure the visual confidentiality level of each video frame and to control the amount of encrypted AC. Moreover, a new psychovisual metric to measure the flickering is introduced, the so-called TSSIM. This method can be applied on intra and inter frame video sequences. Several experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method.

2011

Multimedia information availability has increased dramatically with the advent of video broadcasting on handheld devices. But with this availability comes problems of maintaining the security of information that is displayed in public. ISMA Encryption and Authentication (ISMACryp) is one of the chosen technologies for service protection in DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld), the TV system for portable handheld devices. The ISMACryp is encoded with H.264/AVC (advanced video coding), while leaving all structural data as it is. Two modes of ISMACryp are available; the CTR mode (Counter type) and CBC mode (Cipher Block Chaining) mode. Both modes of ISMACryp are based on 128bit AES algorithm. AES algorithms are more complex and require larger time for execution which is not suitable for real time application like live TV. The proposed system aims to gain a deep understanding of video data security on multimedia technologies and to provide security for real time video applications using selective encryption for H.264/AVC. Five level of security proposed in this paper based on the content of NAL unit in Baseline Constrain profile of H.264/AVC. The selective encryption in different levels provides encryption of intra-prediction mode, residue data, inter-prediction mode or motion vectors only. Experimental results shown in this paper described that fifth level which is ISMACryp provide higher level of security with more encryption time and the one level provide lower level of security by encrypting only motion vectors with lower execution time without compromise on compression and quality of visual content. This encryption scheme with compression process with low cost, and keeps the file format unchanged with some direct operations supported. Simulation was being carried out in Matlab.