Assessment of the Zn status of chickpea by plant analysis

2003

In a number of the major chickpea-growing areas in the world, rainfed crops of chickpeas are often grown on soils with low available zinc (Zn). Consequently, chickpea crops can be challenged by soil water deficits and Zn deficiency coincidentally during the growing season. The interaction between these stresses was examined in two glasshouse experiments using genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Water stress was imposed during podding. Increasing the level of Zn resulted in large and significant increases in vegetative growth up to podding. Applying Zn increased grain yields when the plants were well watered, but not under water stress, except for the Zn-efficient and drought-resistant genotype ICC-4958. Harvest indices were generally reduced as the supply of Zn and water increased. Applying Zn increased water use and water use efficiency of chickpea. Yields were reduced by water stress, largely due to fewer pods set per plant. Losses from water stress were greatest at the highest level of Zn, which was attributed to the limited soil volume afforded by the pots and the rapid development of stress in the larger plants grown at adequate levels of Zn. However, at each level of Zn, the loss in yield from water stress tended to be less in a Zn-efficient genotype. The major factor determining the distribution of Zn in the plant was the supply of Zn, while differences due to water stress and genotype were relatively small. Two-thirds of the Zn present in the plant at maturity was accumulated after the start of podding and this was little affected by water stress. The proportion of Zn in the roots of Zn-deficient plants was less than that in Zn-adequate plants. As the Zn supply increased, Zn accumulation was higher in leaves than in the stem and reproductive parts, due to combined effect of both higher Zn concentration and higher dry matter. At maturity, senesced leaves and pod walls had relatively lower concentrations of Zn compared to leaves and pods at the start of podding in all Zn treatments. In contrast, the Zn content in the stem either increased or remained unchanged. At maturity, Zn accumulation in plant organs generally increased with increasing Zn supply, but the largest proportion of Zn was found in the seeds, which is a beneficial nutritional trait for human nutrition. * FAX No: +61-8-8303-7109.

Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2000

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common in most of the chickpea growing areas of the world and growing Zn-efficient genotypes on Zn-deficient soil is a benign approach of universal interest. Response of 13 chickpea genotypes (10 desi and 3 kabuli) to Zn nutrition was studied in a pot experiment under glasshouse conditions. Plants were grown in a Zn-deficient siliceous sand for 6 weeks and fertilized with 0 (Zn ) and 2.5 mg Zn per kg soil (Zn+). When grown with no added Zn, Zn deficiency symptoms (chlorosis of younger leaves and stipules followed by necrosis of leaf margins) appeared 3-4 weeks after planting and were more apparent in cultivars Tyson, Amethyst and Dooen than Kaniva and T-1587. Zn deficiency reduced shoot growth, but it was less affected in breeding lines T-1587 and CTS 11308 than cultivars Tyson, Dooen, Amethyst and Barwon. Among all genotypes, Tyson produced the lowest root dry weight in Zn-treatment. Zinc efficiency based on shoot dry weight showed marked differences among genotypes; breeding lines CTS-60543, CTS-11308 and T-1587 were 2-fold more Zn-efficient than cultivars Tyson and Dooen. A higher Zn accumulation per plant and higher Zn uptake per g. of root dry weight were recorded in T-1587 and CTS-11308 when compared with Tyson. Root:shoot ratio was increased and proportionally more Zn was transported to the shoot when the soil was deficient. Cultivars that were very sensitive to Zn deficiency tended to have their root:shoot ratio increased by Zn deficiency more than less sensitive cultivars. The insensitive lines T-1587 and CTS-11308 transported more than 70% of the total absorbed Zn to the shoot. It is concluded that chickpea genotypes vary in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency. Advanced breeding lines T-1587 and CTS-11308 are relatively more Zn-efficient compared with Australian chickpea cultivar Tyson. Zn efficiency in chickpea genotypes is probably related to an efficient Zn absorption coupled with a better root to shoot transport.

Plant and soil, 1998

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common in most of the chickpea growing areas of the world and growing Zn-efficient genotypes on Zn-deficient soil is a benign approach of universal interest. Response of 13 chickpea genotypes (10 desi and 3 kabuli) to Zn nutrition was studied in a pot experiment under glasshouse conditions. Plants were grown in a Zn-deficient siliceous sand for 6 weeks and fertilized with 0 (Zn ) and 2.5 mg Zn per kg soil (Zn+). When grown with no added Zn, Zn deficiency symptoms (chlorosis of younger leaves and stipules followed by necrosis of leaf margins) appeared 3-4 weeks after planting and were more apparent in cultivars Tyson, Amethyst and Dooen than Kaniva and T-1587. Zn deficiency reduced shoot growth, but it was less affected in breeding lines T-1587 and CTS 11308 than cultivars Tyson, Dooen, Amethyst and Barwon. Among all genotypes, Tyson produced the lowest root dry weight in Zn-treatment. Zinc efficiency based on shoot dry weight showed marked differences among genotypes; breeding lines CTS-60543, CTS-11308 and T-1587 were 2-fold more Zn-efficient than cultivars Tyson and Dooen. A higher Zn accumulation per plant and higher Zn uptake per g. of root dry weight were recorded in T-1587 and CTS-11308 when compared with Tyson. Root:shoot ratio was increased and proportionally more Zn was transported to the shoot when the soil was deficient. Cultivars that were very sensitive to Zn deficiency tended to have their root:shoot ratio increased by Zn deficiency more than less sensitive cultivars. The insensitive lines T-1587 and CTS-11308 transported more than 70% of the total absorbed Zn to the shoot. It is concluded that chickpea genotypes vary in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency. Advanced breeding lines T-1587 and CTS-11308 are relatively more Zn-efficient compared with Australian chickpea cultivar Tyson. Zn efficiency in chickpea genotypes is probably related to an efficient Zn absorption coupled with a better root to shoot transport.

Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2013

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Legume Research, 2015

The comparative effect of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% Zn levels of zinc chelate (Zn-EDTA; 8% Zn) and zinc sulfate (23% Zn) applied as foliar sprays for assuaging zinc deficiency of chickpea cv. Gökçe was evaluated under field condition. The sprays were applied on the plants before blooming stage during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons and seed yield, yield components like plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and mineral concentrations (nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and iron) in seeds were investigated. Plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were investigated. The results showed that increased zinc doses caused an increase in Zn content of seed, while seed yield was not affected similarly. In general, plant height, pod number and seed number per plant increased by the application of zinc. Lower dose of Zn-EDTA and higher dose of ZnSO 4 gave higher yield components. Seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were not significantly influenced by Zn sources and doses; however, mineral concentration of seeds enhanced when Zn doses were increased. It was concluded that foliar application of zinc resulted in an increase in seed mineral contents rather than seed yield of chickpea. The dose of 0.6% with Zn-EDTA was the optimum combination for Zn enrichment in seed of chickpea.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient needed not only for people, but also crops. Almost half of the world's cereal crops are deficient in Zn, leading to poor crop yields. In fact, one-third (33%) of the world's population is at risk of Zn deficiency in rates, ranging from 4% to 73% depending on the given country. Zn deficiency in agricultural soils is also a major global problem affecting both crop yield and quality. The Zn contents of soils in Hungary are medium or rather small. Generally, the rate of Zn deficiency is higher on sand, sandy loam or soil types of large organic matter contents. High pH and calcium carbonate contents are the main reasons for the low availability of Zn for plants . It has been reported that the high-concentration application of phosphate fertilisers reduces Zn availability (Khosgoftarmanesh et al., 2006). Areas with Zn deficiency are particularly extensive in Békés, Fejér and Tolna County in Hungary, yet these areas feature topsoils of high organic matter contents. Usually, Zn is absorbed strongly in the upper part the soil, and it has been observed that the uptakeable Zn contents of soil are lower than 1.4 mg kg -1 . Maize is one of the most important crops in Hungary, grown in the largest areas, and belongs to the most sensitive cultures to Zn deficiency. Zn deficiency can causes serious damage in yield (as large as 80 %), especially in case of maize. On the other hand, Zn deficiency can also cause serious reduction in the yields of dicots. One of the most important vegetables of canning industry is cucumber, which is grown all over the world. In this study, the effects of Zn deficiency have investigated on the growth of shoots and roots, relative and absolute chlorophyll contents, fresh and dry matter accumulation, total root and shoot lengths, the leaf number and leaf area of test plants in laboratory. Experimental plants used have been maize (Zea mays L. cv. Reseda sc.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Delicatess). A monocot and dicot plant have chosen a to investigate the effects of Zn deficiency, because they have different nutrient uptake mechanism. It has been observed that the unfavourable effects of Zn deficiency have caused damage in some physiological parameters, and significantly reduced the growth, chlorophyll contents of monocots and dicots alike.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2018

Present investigation was under taken in order to know the effect of zinc nutrition on morphological characters in chickpea. Among all the treatments significant increase in plant height, number of branches at different growth stages and days to 50% flowering was due to soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha + foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% as compared to control.

Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2008

Application of zinc (Zn) [50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4)/g of soil] reduced the foliage and the total growth of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Huth]. The root-shoot length ratio, varying little with age, was relatively low in the treated plants. Decrease in dry weights of stem and root was more pronounced in the late stages of plant development. The root-shoot dry weight ratio, maximum in the flowering stage, was lower in treated plants than in the control. Number of pods per plant declined, showing a positive correlation with Zn concentration. Net photosynthetic rate, declining with plant age, was significantly low in the treated plants. Density and size of stomata and trichomes, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, quantity of green pigments, nitrate reductase activity, and the nitrate and protein contents in the leaves also declined significantly. Proportion of vascular tissues both in stems and roots increased with plant age with a concomitant reduction of pith and cortex. Under zinc stress, the relative proportion of tissues varied inconsistently. Dimensions of vessel elements and fibers in stems and roots, increasing with the plant age, were always smaller in the treated plants. The vulnerability factor and mesomorphic ratio of treated plants declined, suggesting induction of water stress due to zinc treatments. Accumulation of Zn 2+ in different plant parts was considerably high at each developmental stage of the treated plants, and showed a positive correlation with Zn in the soil.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences