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2002, SpaceOps 2002 Conference
Spacecraft applications that interact with on-board sensors, effectors, and major components have traditionally used private interfaces which are tightly bound to the interface details of the data links connecting these sub-systems. The latest spacecraft, which often include several powerful processors running real time operating systems, highspeed on-board networks, and intelligent peripherals, can support a more layered networked environment. Use of standard interfaces and networked elements is expected to yield reusable software and hardware components. Within CCSDS Panel 1K we have been developing such on-board interface standards. This paper will present a Message Transfer Service that defines a common API for use within a single spacecraft or among spacecraft flying in a constellation.
End-to-end space communication architectures must connect system elements that may be in space, on the ground in mission operations centers, or are shared assets such as ground communications stations. End-to-end connectivity involves space communications over RF links, but also cross support services, terrestrial network circuits, and a variety of application layer protocols for commanding, telemetry, and mission operations. CCSDS has developed a large suite of interoperable, and cross-supportable, protocols for these purposes. Each of these defines a specific " layer " of functionality, such as: RF modulation, space link error coding, cross support frame delivery, or network layer routing. CCSDS has recently published a Space Communication Cross Support Architecture Requirements Document (SCCS-ARD) that describes how many of these standards fit together and how they are intended to be used. This paper provides an overview of this document, presented so as to explain the concepts so that others may use them. These concepts will be described from several key viewpoints.
Information and Control Systems
Introduction: New technologies are replacing the onboard space networks based on bus topologies. One of these technologies is SpaceWire. New communication protocols are being developed, expanding SpaceWire functionality. The protocol developers should provide all the required technical characteristics for data transmission and processing. Purpose: Analysis of the existing requirements for communication protocols, and development of consolidated set of requirements that will take into account the modern requests of the space industry. Results: The analysis of the existing demands on communication protocols resulted in a set of consolidated requirements for the physical-network layers’ protocols and the transport layer protocols. The requirements cover the speed, latencies, transmission distance, transmitted information amount, fault detection functionality, time synchronization between the devices, quality of service, main user data types, and data transfer modes at the transport lev...
SpaceOps 2006 Conference, 2006
Several space agencies are embarking on ambitious programs of human exploration of the moon and possibly other planets that will involve orders of magnitude more elements than have been deployed in previous missions. Elements both within and across campaigns will need to communicate with each other to perform command and control, data return, and telemetry. Multi-hop communications will be required to support communications around planetary bodies where no direct line-of-sight communications are possible. This paper describes a networked communications architecture developed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems that provides a framework for interoperable communications among space elements, ground stations, and terrestrial users. This cislunar communications architecture allows for a combination of traditional packet telemetry and telecommand, Internet Protocols (IP), and Delay/Disruption Tolerant (DTN) overlays to provide a range of communications mechanisms that can be tailored to the particular environment / mission phase.
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) has produced Recommendations (specifications) for several Space Link Extension (SLE) transfer services for the standardized, interoperable exchange of spacecraft telemetry and command data between a spaceflight mission's ground facilities and the tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C) networks that are used to communicate with the mission's spacecraft. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Deep Space Network (DSN) have implemented these SLE transfer services. Other space agencies are prototyping SLE services, several spaceflight missions have already adopted SLE, and JPL has adopted SLE as the standard interface between mission facilities and the DSN for the foreseeable future. NASA's Space Network (SN) and Ground Network (GN), as well as other national space agencies, are evaluating the adoption of SLE services as their standard for future mission support.
Proceedings of the IEEE, 1991
The next generation space data systems currently in the planning stages are being designed to implement standardized and internationally agreed upon teckniques of data handling, data classification, and data transmission. These techniques are for the most part being developed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), a worldwide cooperative effort of national space agencies. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of three major aspects of the work of the CCSDS. First, we examine the CCSDS space data communications network concept on which the data communications facilities of future advanced orbiting systems will be based. Second, we derive the specifications of an open communications architecture as a reference model for the development of services and protocols that support the transfer of information over space data communications networks. Third, we offer detailed specifications of the communication services and information transfer protocols that have reached a high degree of maturity and stability. The paper also includes a complete list of currently available CCSDS standards and supporting documentation. I. INTRODUCTION In somewhat simplified terms, a space data system is designed to achieve two basic objectives. First, it provides for the bidirectional exchange of information between groundbased users such as experimenters, application processes, data archives, and mission controllers, on the one hand, and the science instruments, data processors, tape recorders, controllers and other equipment onboard a spacecraft on the other. Second, it offers facilities for the processing, storage, archiving, and subsequent retrieval of the information obtained from onboard experiments or ground-based command and control centers. To accomplish these objectives the physical and logical components of a space data system cooperate to provide services to the onboard and ground based users. One may distinguish between services in which the users belong to
2016
Abstract. Data distribution and access are major issues in space sciences as they influence the degree of data exploitation. The project “Space-Data Routers ” (SDR) has the aim of allowing space agencies, academic institutes and research centres to share space data generated by single or multiple missions, in an efficient, secure and automated manner. The approach of SDR relies on space internetworking – and in particular on Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN), which marks the new era in space communications, unifies space and earth communication infrastructures and delivers a set of tools and protocols for space-data exploitation. The project includes the definition of limitations im-posed by typical space mission scenarios in which the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) is currently involved, including space exploration, planetary ex-ploration and Earth observation missions. In this paper, we present the mission scenarios and the associated major SDR expected impact from the propose...
2005
2003
Traditional NASA missions, both near Earth and deep space, have been stove-pipe in nature and point-topoint in architecture. Recently, NASA and others have conceptualized missions that required space-based networking. The notion of networks in space is a drastic shift in thinking and requires entirely new architectures, radio systems (antennas, modems, and media access) and possibly new protocols. A full system engineering approach for some key mission architectures will occur which considers issues such as the science being performed, station keeping, antenna size, contact time, data rates, radio-link power requirements, media access techniques, and appropriate networking and transport protocols. This paper highlights preliminary architecture concepts and key technologies that will be investigated.
Space OPS 2004 Conference, 2004
2004
Introduction The new approach to handling on-board command and telemetry described here replaces much of a traditional spacecraft wiring harness with a CAN bus connecting standard module interface boards. Using this approach reduces mass and integration complexity, provides flexibility, and simplifies and facilitates testing of individual spacecraft modules and groups of modules before full satellite integration.
SpaceOps 2006 Conference, 2006
The NASA Space Communications Architecture Working Group (SCAWG) has recently been developing an integrated agency-wide space communications architecture in order to provide the necessary communication and navigation capabilities to support NASA's new Exploration and Science Programs. A critical element of the space communications architecture is the end-to-end Data Networking Architecture, which must provide a wide range of services required for missions ranging from planetary rovers to human spaceflight, and from sub-orbital space to deep space. Requirements for a higher degree of user autonomy and interoperability between a variety of elements must be accommodated within an architecture that necessarily features minimum operational complexity. The architecture must also be scalable and evolvable to meet mission needs for the next 25 years. This paper will describe the recommended NASA Data Networking Architecture, present some of the rationale for the recommendations, and will illustrate an application of the architecture to example NASA missions.
Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 2001
SpaceWire is a network designed for handling payload data and control information on‐board a spacecraft. It provides a unified, high‐speed, data‐handling infrastructure for connecting together sensors (e.g. optical or radar instruments), processing elements (e.g. digital signal processors), mass‐memory units, downlink telemetry sub‐systems and ground support equipment (GSE). SpaceWire is intended to meet the needs of future, high‐capability space missions. It supports equipment compatibility and re‐use at both the component and sub‐system levels. This paper first considers the key factors that drove the specification of SpaceWire, explaining the particular demands imposed by the space environment. The components of a SpaceWire network are then introduced. The key features of SpaceWire are summarised and the support that SpaceWire provides for fault tolerance is described. Finally a summary is given of the current status of the SpaceWire standard and its application in space missions.
Aerospace, 2019
SpaceFibre is an upcoming on-board high-speed communication protocol for space applications. It has been developed in collaboration with the European Space Agency to answer the growing data-rate requirement of satellite payloads such as Synthetic Aperture Radars or hyper-spectral imagers. SpaceFibre offers a complete set of features (i.e., Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery, and Quality of Service) that guarantees robust communication at the price of higher complexity. This article proposes an innovative modified implementation of the SpaceFibre standard: R-SpaceFibre. It has been designed to reduce hardware resources while keeping high data-rate capability and flow control. Attention is given to the trade-off between Data link layer complexity reduction and protocol features. The proposed protocol is particularly suitable in scenarios where very low bit error rate is foreseen and data integrity is not critical, for example in imaging instruments. The main advantage is a reduct...
… , 2006. SMC-IT 2006. …, 2006
We present advanced technology developments in space networking achieved under the Interplanetary Network Directorate Information Technology Program. Progress has been made in three primary areas: (1) distributed on-board scheduling as it applies to communications, (2) middleware services, and (3) communications protocols. Demonstrations of these capabilities have been provided using a simulation environment capable of providing a realistic representation of the underlying space communications network environment.
22nd AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference & Exhibit 2004 (ICSSC), 2004
Space communications architecture concepts play a key role in the development and deployment of NASA's future exploration and science missions. Once a mission is deployed, the communication link to the user needs to provide maximum information delivery and flexibility to handle the expected large and complex data sets and to enable direct interaction with the spacecraft and experiments. In human and robotic missions, communication systems need to offer maximum reliability with robust two-way links for software uploads and virtual interactions. Identifying the capabilities to cost effectively meet the demanding space communication needs of 21 st century missions, proper formulation of the requirements for these missions, and identifying the early technology developments that will be needed can only be resolved with architecture design. This paper will describe the development of evolvable space communication architecture models and the technologies needed to support Earth sensor web and collaborative observation formation missions; robotic scientific missions for detailed investigation of planets, moons, and small bodies in the solar system; human missions for exploration of the Moon, Mars, Ganymede, Callisto, and asteroids; human settlements in space, on the Moon, and on Mars; and great in-space observatories for observing other star systems and the universe. The resulting architectures will enable the reliable, multipoint, high data rate capabilities needed on demand to provide continuous, maximum coverage of areas of concentrated activities, such as in the vicinity of outposts inspace, on the Moon or on Mars.
2013
NASA proposes to develop a common infrastructure for all its forthcoming space exploration missions. This infrastructure called the Interplanetary Internet (IPN) will take the Internet of the Earth to outside planets and facilitate in the efficient transfer of the huge amount of scientific data collected by the space probes back to Earth. The development of an efficient transport protocol for the Interplanetary Internet is a major challenge to the research community. In this paper, a survey has been done for all the major transport protocols developed for deep space communication. The paper discusses the infrastructure of the IPN along with the major challenges for deep space communication. Emphasis has been made on the issues of transport protocol design for LEO-GEO based satellite networks and deep space communication networks. The genesis of the work on Interplanetary Internet and the evolution of the concept of Delay Tolerant Networks have been explained. An attempt has been mad...
International Space Station: The Next Space Marketplace, 2000
During the past five years, using NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), a group of NASA and industry participants have performed a series of experiments focusing on the interoperability of TCP lIP, ATM, and higher layer protocols and applications. These experiments have yielded very exciting results, including pro-forma configurations in the following areas: TCP lIP data transfer over geostationary satellite delays at speeds exceeding 500 Megabits per second using standard network hardware, computers, and operating systems Video, audio, and telephony over satellite links using ATM to engineer links with a constant Quality of Service for these time-sensitive applications Security overlays featuring encryption and IP firewalls at up to 155 Megabits per second Mobile satellite terminals that operate on ships, trucks, aircraft, and (eventually) spacecraft. This paper describes a proposed communications payload for the International Space Station, which supports the use of commodity industry-standard communications protocols to support direct user access to science instruments and experiment payloads from the ground. The payload concept, which is based entirely on commercial off-the-shelf products, was developed as a result of the five-year ACTS experiments program. 195
International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998
This paper discusses the evolution of the ground satellite communication systems and the efforts made by the Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Advanced Architectures and Automation (AAA) branch, Code 588 to bring satellite scientific data to the user’s desktop. Primarily, it describes the next generation desktop system, its architecture and processing capabilities, which provide autonomous high-performance telemetry acquisition at the lowest possible cost. It also discusses the planning processes and the applicability of new technologies for communication needs in the next century. The paper is presented in terms simple for those not very familiar with current space programs to understand.
SpaceOps 2006 Conference, 2006
Mobile Lightweight …, 2009
As the number and complexity of space missions increases, space communications enter a new era, where internetworking gradually replaces or assists traditional telecommunication protocols. The Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) architecture has recently emerged as a communication system for challenged networks, originally designed for the Interplanetary Internet. In the context of our project with ESA called "Extending Internet into Space -ESA DTN Testbed Implementation and Evaluation" we intend to deploy a distributed, flexible and scalable DTN testbed for space communications. The testbed will provide the supportive infrastructure for the design and evaluation of space-suitable DTN protocols, architectures, and routing policies to allow efficient deep-space communications. Throughout the project, we will demonstrate the operational capabilities of the DTN protocols in space; design and evaluate novel transport protocols and architectures for reliable data transfer in space; and investigate routing algorithms that comply with ESA's policies and resource status.
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