Anaemia in pregnancy in developing countries

2020

from July to December 2019 in the period of six months. In the duration of this research work, all the females having pregnancy with iron deficiency anemia as well as level of hemoglobin lower than nine gram% were recruited, whereas females having pregnancy as well as suffering from other clinical complications were not the participants of this research work. Collection of the information carried out and SPSS V.23 was in use for the statistical analysis of the collected information. Result: Out of 305 registered females with pregnancy present with iron deficiency anemia, majority of the females were young (n: 170, 55.73%) between 20 to 30 years of age, 83.27% (n: 254) females were from lower socioeconomic class, 34.09% (n: 104) females were multiparous. There was very low level of hemoglobin between 1 to 3 gram% in 17.7% (n: 54) females and between 4 to 6 gram% in 53.11% (n: 162) females. All these females were susceptible to severe complications like ante-partum hemorrhage in (n: 49, 16.06%), renal failure in (n: 48, 15.73%), disseminated intra-vascular coagulation in (n: 54, 17.7%) females. The rate of mortality was 5.24% (n: 16). Conclusion: IDA is much common in the females present with pregnancy with very high rate of complications.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998

in 1993 had their haemoglobin estimated. If it was less than 11 gmadl, blood was taken to establish the cause of anaemia. Data was also collected with regard to their antenatal progress, and factors predisposing to anaemia in pregnancy. Logistic regression, Chi-square test, Fischer's exact test, Mantel±Haenszel test were used to assess the relationships between categorical variables. Results: The prevalence of anaemia at delivery was 15.3%. The most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy was due to iron de®ciency (81.3%). The occurrence of anaemia in pregnancy is related to the socioeconomic status of the women. Multiparous women of the lower socioeconomic class who tend to book late in pregnancy were found to have the highest risk of anaemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed iron prophylaxis, haemoglobin level at booking, race and previous history of anaemia in earlier pregnancy as important predictors of anaemia at delivery. The odds of anaemia for a woman not on therapy was about 11 times that of her counterpart on prophylactic iron therapy (95% CI 8.76±14.13). A 55% reduction in odds of anaemia was estimated per 1 gm% increase in haemoglobin level at booking. As compared to Chinese, Malays and Indians who experienced signi®cant increase in odds of anaemia of 95% and 58% respectively. Further, a pregnant woman with a previous history of anaemia is 2.6 times as likely to be anaemic, as compared with one without history of anaemia. Except for a higher incidence of preterm delivery, there was no other statistically increased risk of complications in the antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum periods. There was no difference in the incidence of antepartum haemorrhageaoperative deliveries, postpartum haemorrhage, low birthweight, intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal outcome. Conclusions: The study con®rms that iron de®ciency anaemia is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy and is a major health problem in developing and developed countries.

The major health problem mainly in the developed countries is anemia during the pregnancy which is linked with the many side effects. [1] World health organization (WHO) has set the limit to define the anemia if the hemoglobin (hb) level is less than 11 g/dl [2] WHO has stated that if the prevalence of anemia is 5.0% or higher it should be considered as significant problem. If in any population the prevalence of anemia is more than 40% it must be specified as major health problem. It was a cross-sectional study containing 350 women age rages between 19-40 years. All healthy pregnant women with HB less than 11g/dl were recruited into the study. A detailed health data could be acquired such as parity, menstrual characteristics, infections, previous iron or blood transfusions, etc. The Government needs to take solid steps to improve the quality of education and socioeconomic status of females, increase the number of health care providers and intensify public education. Health behavior's need to be changed and adherence to the prescribed programs by the government is needed. Providing long term iron supplementation and dietary modification starting from adolescence may improve the hemoglobin levels and later on prevent anemia in pregnancy.

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2007

Objective To study the effect of iron supplementation on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with haemoglobin (Hb) ≥13.2 g/dl.Design A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting Routine health services.Population Seven hundred and twenty‐seven pregnant women with Hb ≥13.2 g/dl in the early stage of the second trimester.Methods Each woman took one tablet of 50 mg of ferrous sulphate daily in the case group (n = 370) or placebo in the control group (n = 357) throughout pregnancy.Main outcome measures Pregnancy outcome.Results While there were no significant differences in demographic and obstetric characteristics between the two groups before any intervention, small‐for‐gestational‐age birth rate and the number of women with hypertension disorder increased significantly in the case group in comparison with the control group (57 [15.7%] versus 36 [10.3%], P = 0.035, 10 [2.7%] versus 3 [8%], P = 0.05, respectively).Conclusions Our finding proves that routine iron...

2020

from July to December 2019 in the period of six months. In the duration of this research work, all the females having pregnancy with iron deficiency anemia as well as level of hemoglobin lower than nine gram% were recruited, whereas females having pregnancy as well as suffering from other clinical complications were not the participants of this research work. Collection of the information carried out and SPSS V.23 was in use for the statistical analysis of the collected information. Result: Out of 305 registered females with pregnancy present with iron deficiency anemia, majority of the females were young (n: 170, 55.73%) between 20 to 30 years of age, 83.27% (n: 254) females were from lower socioeconomic class, 34.09% (n: 104) females were multiparous. There was very low level of hemoglobin between 1 to 3 gram% in 17.7% (n: 54) females and between 4 to 6 gram% in 53.11% (n: 162) females. All these females were susceptible to severe complications like ante-partum hemorrhage in (n: 49, 16.06%), renal failure in (n: 48, 15.73%), disseminated intra-vascular coagulation in (n: 54, 17.7%) females. The rate of mortality was 5.24% (n: 16). Conclusion: IDA is much common in the females present with pregnancy with very high rate of complications.

Sri Lanka Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2014

Public Health Nutrition, 2004

Objective: To study the prevalence of anaemia and its association with measures of iron deficiency (ID) among a group of pregnant women. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Pregnant women identified through house-to-house visits and participating in community-based antenatal care activities in a rural location of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Subjects: The estimates are based on 214 reportedly healthy pregnant women in their second trimester. Information on socio-economic status and reproductive history were obtained through home visits and venous blood samples were collected at antenatal care centres. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured by HemoCue, serum ferritin (sFt) by radioimmunoassay and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. ID was defined as presence of either low sFt (, 12 mg l 21 ) or high sTfR (. 8.5 mg l 21 ). Results: The prevalence of anaemia (Hb , 110 g l 21 ) was 50%, but severe anaemia (Hb , 70 g l 21 ) was absent. Low sFt was observed in 42%, high sTfR in 25%, either low sFt or high TfR in 54% and both low sFt and high TfR in 13% of the pregnant women. Two out of three anaemic women had an indication of ID, which was present in 80% of women with moderate (Hb 70 -99 g l 21 ) and 50% with mild (Hb 100-109 g l 21 ) anaemia. Four out of 10 non-anaemic women (Hb $ 110 g l 21 ) also had ID, but the prevalence was significantly lower than that observed in anaemic women (P ¼ 0.001). Conclusions: Despite the high prevalence of anaemia, severe cases were absent. The prevalence of ID increased at lower Hb. However, an increased prevalence was also found among women in the highest category of Hb.

Indian Journal of Community Health, 2021

Background: Anemia prevalence among Indian pregnant women in 2015-16 was 50.4% and has not declined from 49.7% in 1998-99 despite the national policies on iron-folic acid supplementation. New gestational age-specific cut-offs (INTERGROWTH cut-off) for risk of low Hemoglobin (Hb) have been identified. Aims and objectives: Compare prevalences of low Hb based on WHO and INTERGROWTH cut-offs Methods: The prevalence of anemia/low Hb among pregnant women in trimesters 2 and 3 from NFHS-4 data were estimated using the current WHO recommendations and the INTERGROWTH cut-offs. Results: Prevalence of low Hb by the INTERGROWTH cut-off was 28.1%(95% CI:26.9-29.4) and 21.7%(95% CI:20.6-22.9) in trimesters 2 and 3. Anemia prevalence by WHO cut-off was much higher at 41.2%(95% CI:39.8-42.5) and 54.8%(95 CI:53.2-56.3) in trimesters 2 and 3. The prevalence of low-Hb was similar between ANC and no-ANC reported groups in both trimesters (26.1% and 28.9% in trimester-2; 20.1% and 22.4% in trimester-3)...

Minia Journal of Medical Research

Background; Anaemia in expectant women is a serious worldwide public health problem with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study aim is to investigate prevelance, sosciodemographic characteristics, medical and obstetrical risk factors of iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy at Minia maternity university hospital in one year, Subjects and methods; This study is A prospective analytical study, was conducted at the Minia university hospital for gynecology and obstetrics on all pregnant women with hemoglobin level less than 11 gm/dl in the first trimester and less than 10.5 gm/dl in the second and third trimester from November 2019 to October 2021, Result; this study was conducted on 5500 women; 2211 of them had iron deficiency anemia (40.2%), The only factors which emerged as statistically significant were rural residence, low education, Low Family income, Multi-para, low Pregnancy interval, insufficient meals per day, insufficient Meat intake, insufficient vegetables intake, insufficient egg intake, insufficient milk intake, and Parasitic infestation. Conclusion; Based on our findings, there was highly significant difference between the cases with iron deficiency anemia and cases without iron deficiency anemia regarding residence, education, family income, BMI, parity, gestational age, Pregnancy interval, and delivery mode. Iron deficiency anemia was significantly higher with cases took ‹ 3 times per day, meat intake less than 2 times per week, vegetables intake less than 2 times per week, egg intake and milk intake less than 2 times per week and cases that did not take iron supplementation,

Journal of SAFOG with DVD, 2012

Anemia during pregnancy is a global public health challenge facing the world today, especially in the developing countries. Anemia in pregnancy is an important contributor to maternal mortality/morbidity as well as to the low birth weight which in turn might contribute to increased percentage for infant mortality. Many epidemiological studies in the past have reported the problem in high magnitude. This review was conducted to identify the persistence of the problem in the South Asian countries during the last 5 years irrespective of iron supplementation as a measure to tackle this problem.