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Religiös legitimierte Gewalt und das Ringen um Macht

2012

This article explores two specific cases of religio-political actors striving for power through the use of violent acts which they legitimate on grounds of religious duty. It compares the case of the Maccabean uprising in the 2nd century B. C. to the case of Jihādist battles in contemporary Iraq. Although one might find these cases too different in terms of historical framework, hence social environment, and other relevant conditions are comparable. In a first step theoretical considerations of strategies used by certain religio-political actors to delineate themselves from their social environment, consolidate their beliefs and strengthen their own identity, will be discussed. Being regarded as “nonconformist”, they try to fight against those in power whom they consider as culturally offensive and politically as well as religiously illegitimate. In the second part of this article empirical evidence is presented, that focusses not only on the descriptions of battles against the powerful, but rather on confrontations with the ‘enemy within’, i. e. all the people that are being regarded by the Maccabees or the Jihādists as undermining the community of “orthodox” believers and thus compromise their “covenant with God”. Being so strict and even conducting acts of violence against their coreligionists has to be legitimized through the selective use of traditions (mainly their “holy scriptures”) as well as through evident changes of traditions if that serves the very purpose. This transformation of their own tradition can be labelled as a process of cultural dynamics, recognizable in religious conduct and production of media.