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2001
Connectivities between processes in product developments indicate both conflicts of resources and potential synergies. These represent constraints and potential opportunities in planning design Each product development comprises a network of processes. Similarity between processes is analysed by a layered classification ranging from common components to shared design knowledge. The connectivities between products arising from similarities among products are represented by a multidimensional network. Design planning is described by flows or 'traffic' on this network which represents a structural model of complexity. Comparison is made with information based measures of the complexity of designs and processes.
2014
Connectivities between processes in product developments indicate both conflicts of resources and potential synergies. These represent constraints and potential opportunities in planning design Each product development comprises a network of processes. Similarity between processes is analysed by a layered classification ranging from common components to shared design knowledge. The connectivities between products arising from similarities among products are represented by a multidimensional network. Design planning is described by flows or 'traffic' on this network which represents a structural model of complexity. Comparison is made with information based measures of the complexity of designs and processes.
International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 2016
Product complexity is driven by the interdependence of product functions, which in turn determines the interdependence of design tasks, and this is reflected in the complexity of the design process. Ever increasing product complexity has become an obstacle to effective product design. This paper introduces an agent-based model that was used to study the impact and mitigation of product complexity, where complexity was characterised by metrics defined from a knowledge perspective. In the model, a product was represented as a set of functions that required designer knowledge, component design and component integration. Designers were modelled as agents who learned knowledge through consultation and who applied knowledge to function design tasks. Variables that characterised different coordination mechanisms influenced the efficiency and quality of communication between designers and impacted the global behaviour of product design. The results from simulation experiments suggested that a growth in complexity increased effort and span time exponentially and that coordination mechanisms which quickly increased designer learning or which improved collaboration reduced overall effort. The implication for managers is that, for the design of complex products, attention should be paid to the effectiveness of coordination mechanisms, and how they reduce the time for designer learning. The implications with regard to complexity during product design can be applied to other activities where learning is a key performance factor.
2008
In this paper, two measures are proposed for valuation of size and coupling complexities of design products as abstracted by three distinct representations. The proposed size complexity measure is based on the information theoretic definition of complexity that connects the complexity of a design to the level of entropy, or uncertainty, inherent in the design product. The proposed coupling complexity measure evaluates the decomposability of the graph-based representation of design products. To validate the proposed measures, an experiment is conducted to calculate the complexities of three consumer products based on three product representations, namely, function structure, connectivity graph, and parametric associativity graph. The findings indicate that coupling and size are independent measures of a product’s complexity. Thus, it is recommended that both measures should be used. Further, the complexity of a product is not independent of the choice of representation model used to describe the product. This suggests that the complexity of a product will vary with the selected view. Finally, it is shown that the two approaches for measuring complexity of a product are generalizable and can be applied to different representations.
Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2015
Research in Engineering Design, 2010
Efficient planning of design processes is of critical importance to meet tight deadlines and budgets; and the development of process planning tools is a lively research area. This paper describes current planning practice in industry and the challenges associated with it. In industry, a multitude of plans are used in parallel each focussing on a different aspect. The units of planning and their resulting plans roughly fall into product plans considering cost, bill of materials and procurement considerations; process plans including different milestone, lead-times, task and activity plans; and quality plans. Over the course of a project, the same plan can serve as a prescriptive plan defining steps in the process, a target plan against which process is measured, and a record of the process. This paper argues that organisations work because individuals use more than one plan and have a tacit understanding of the relationships between these plans. Variations between different companies are discussed before the paper concludes with a reflection on implication for planning support.
The complexity of design and designing is not something that we can influence on, but the way we model, classify, illustrate and structure our views upon design and designing, strongly influence our perceived complexity. Our research focus is on product development (PD) context as the entire body of data, information and engineering knowledge related to design itself, that evolves throughout the product development effort The nature of (PD) context complexity is explained by two dimensions: PD context elements description, and PD context evolution. Standardization of the PD ontology is proposed as a formal method for organizing the PD context, in order to improve the robustness and computability of PD context representation and decrease its complexity.
2003
Developing objective measures for evaluating and measuring the complexity of design would facilitate (1) empirical studies that require the use of equivalent but different design problems, (2) the development of design curriculums, and (3) the comparison of computer aided design automation tools. This paper surveys and evaluates different approaches to defining complexity in design for the design problem, process, and product. Three fundamental aspects to complexity are identified, size, coupling, and solvability, and expanded with respect to the three elements of design, problem, process, and product. Alternative methods for measuring these characteristics of the design are based on computational, information, and traditional design views of complexity. A method of measuring size as it relates to complexity is proposed for measuring the information content of design. A second method is proposed for decomposing a graph-based representation of design that provides a measure of the interconnectedness as it relates to complexity. Finally, two methods are proposed for determining the solvability complexity of design based on the effort involved and the degree of freedom of design. These measures are developed specifically for parametric and geometric problems as found in the embodiment design, but these principles may be applied beyond this.
Research in Engineering Design, 2017
The need for more knowledge intensifies the complexity of product development. To understand how knowledge contributes to designing products and how learning improves the product development process, this paper introduces an agent-based model that represents product development as the learning and application of knowledge. Product development consists of a complex network of interdependent agents, such as product functions, design activities and designers. Knowledge is the link connecting these elements, since product functions are the embodiment of knowledge, since design activities require knowledge, and since designers provide knowledge. The simulation of model activities and agent interactions at the micro-level generated project performance, which was measured in terms of project effort and duration at the macro level. The model used product and development process data from GE Hydro. Results demonstrated that design effort and project duration increased exponentially with product knowledge (complexity), that product development was more sensitive to the design of interfaces as compared to the design of components, and that designer knowledge played an important role in mitigating complexity. The implications for managers were that attention should be paid to the management of interfaces, to coordination thorough communication and consultation, and to increasing the rate of designer learning.
2018
Time is the universal resource for Product Design and Development (PDD) projects which has a range of factors that influence its length. By sharing their perceptions on such factors, designers can provide insight to those who estimate/schedule. Understanding which factors are most influential may result in improvements in such estimations, offering improved organisational understanding of product development and a perspective to evaluate initial project briefs. This paper examines the factors that influence PDD project length found in literature, comparing them to those considered influential by design teams.
International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 2012
Industrial enterprises analysts and/or designers should be aware of the impact of complexity in their organisations, although they are often defined as being complex. Nowadays, the researchers focused their attention on design for manufacturing, design for assembly, design for cost or design for quality, design for X, etc. they did not mention design for complexity as an important issue especially during the existing global financial crisis. Design for complexity is a systemic approach that simultaneously considers optimising design objectives (i.e. minimise complexity level), variables (parameters) and constraints. This paper includes how to present the concepts of complexity to guide industrial enterprises analysts and designers with the most effective issues and perspective strategies for analysing, planning and eliminating complexity to satisfy design of industrial enterprises. Based on these aspects, the complexity levels will be analysed and evaluated through identifying four major issues: design for vision complexity, design for system structure, design for operating complexity and design for evaluating complexity. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide the industrial enterprises designers with such complexity information. This analysis shows that the design for complexity is a huge task and should be optimised and taken into considerations when designing an industrial enterprise.
2005
Abstract: This short paper is based on research carried out during an eight month case study at a large UK aerospace company. The focus of the study was to develop a more effective technique for planning the complex design processes found in the company, in order to support the development of more detailed and more accurate schedules.
CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 2012
Increasing complexity continues to be one of the biggest challenges facing manufacturing today. It is manifested in products and manufacturing processes as well as company structures [162]. These systems operate in an environment of change and uncertainty. The subject of this keynote paper is related to the complexity of the artifactual world humans have created. The breadth of complexity research in engineering is reviewed for a broad readership and with particular emphasis on engineered products and manufacturing. Engineers are justly proud of the many inventions and manufacturing technologies for which they are responsible. In the past, Henry Ford's zero complexity approach to automobile production proved to be a breakthrough, with the assembly line and mass production that have revolutionised the industry. Since then, many manufacturers have attempted to compete using this model of reducing or eliminating real and perceived complexities. This as well as other reductionist approaches, which were critically successful at a period of time of the development of industrialization, have reached their limit. The methods used by engineers to design, produce, and operate systems in the mid-to late twentieth century are insufficient to deal with the challenges of the future. The fierce global competition has focused on innovation and creating high valueadded products at a competitive price in response to customer demands. The challenges facing industry now are characterized by design complexity that must be matched with a flexible and complex manufacturing system as well as advanced agile business processes. This is particularly true for manufacturers of high value, complex products that are multidisciplinary in nature. This is quite a broad category as most industrial and consumer products these days are complex. 1.1. Sources of complexity Modern complex products or equipment may have many thousands of parts and take hundreds of manufacturing and assembly steps to be produced. Most complex products and equipment now incorporate not only mechanical and electrical components but also software, control modules, and humanmachine interfaces. Some equipment is connected on-line to the World Wide Web and ''the internet of things'' [10] for real time reporting and diagnostics. Although these additions have made equipment more versatile and dependable, significant complexity has been introduced to the product design [64]. Manufacturers have often responded to the challenges of globalization with mergers, consolidations and acquisitions. Fig. 1 illustrates the drivers and enablers for manufacturing complexity. Economic, technological and social aspects are included. 1.2. Perspectives on complex systems Several different measures defining complexity have been proposed within the scientific disciplines. Such measures of complexity are generally context dependent. Colwell [27] defines thirty-two complexity types in twelve different disciplines and domains such as projects, structural, technical, computational, functional, and operational complexity. Systems complexity is invariably multi-dimensional. A complex system usually consists of a large number of members, elements or agents, which interact with one another and with the environment. They may generate CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology 61 (2012) 793-814
Journal of Engineering Design, 2003
This paper describes a new systems analysis technique called the 'connectivity map' for representing dependency relationships within a product development process. The technique is suitable for capturing and analysing relations between development tasks, design parameters, architecture concepts, information flows, and organizational relationships. The connectivity map is matrix based, using the inner cells of the matrix to capture the nature of the connection between the two axial parameters. The utility of the method is demonstrated using two real examples from the automobile industry. The first application looks at the sources of iteration for a safety belt development process, and the second application deals with flexibility analysis of a product's architecture.
2006
The complexity of design and designing is not something that we can influence on, but the way we model, classify, illustrate and structure our views upon design and designing, strongly influence our perceived complexity. Our research focus is on product development (PD) context as the entire body of data, information and engineering knowledge related to design itself, that evolves throughout the product development effort The nature of (PD) context complexity is explained by two dimensions: PD context elements description, and PD context evolution. Standardization of the PD ontology is proposed as a formal method for organizing the PD context, in order to improve the robustness and computability of PD context representation and decrease its complexity.
The evaluation of design processes is often conducted after the given project has been completed or as a case study on a single process. These two approaches each cannot be used to improve an ongoing process and require a great deal of time to generate statistically significant samples. Presented here is a protocol for tracking the interconnection of design process elements as a mixed temporal hypergraph network which may evolve in real time. The protocol utilizes email and limited human reporting data to develop the time-stamped connections of the network. At any time, this network or a filtered subset of it may be subjected to an analysis of graph and network properties. The response of these properties may then be correlated to either events or performance metrics. Here, this approach is applied to emails generated in the course of an undergraduate mechanical engineering senior design project. This application demonstrates an ability to identify member roles, work schedules, and project phase changes from graph and network properties.
2003
Most companies struggle with the efficiency of their processes. One contributory factor is the lack of efficient process planning. This paper describes current planning practise in industry, which uses a multitude of different plans in parallel. The units of planning and their resulting plans roughly fall into product plans considering cost, bill of material and procurement considerations; process plans including different milestone, task and activity plans and quality plans. This paper maps out the ownership of these plans, and establishes that organisations work because individuals use more then one plan and have a tacit understanding of the relationships between these plans. The lack of effective plans affects the company through a lack of understanding of process connectivity and in consequence bad communication.
Volume 1: 36th Design Automation Conference, Parts A and B, 2010
Design tools which appear to manage complexity through their inherent behavior do not appear to have been developed specifically for complexity management. This research explores how complexity is managed within the design process through: the generation of complexity within the design process (sources), the techniques which were used to manage complexity (approaches), and the examination of design tools with respect to complexity. Mappings are developed between the sources, the approaches, and the tools with respect to phases of design. The mappings are propagated through these distinct, yet adjacent domains in order to study how the tools might be able to be used to manage complexity sources found in different stages of the design process. As expected, the highest value for each design tool is found in the stage of design in which the tool is traditionally been used. However, there are secondary ratings which suggest that design tools can be used in other stages of the design process to manage specific aspects of complexity.
Unifying Themes in Complex Systems, 2008
Adopting complexity concept in product design provides ability to manage existing resources and to meet the rapid development of market demand from existing and future markets. Currently, the best approach in managing product complexity is through optimization and trade-off. Both methods are considered as a constraint to product development and innovation that evolves alongside with new market trend. Complexity Planning is proposed, with the integration of strategic tools of TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving). Through a case study, the guideline helps the designer to develop a design concept that considers commonality and trend of system evolution as a preventive initiative to enhance better complexity management within the product life cycle.
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