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2014, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
AI
This paper examines the transition of distributed generation (DG) technologies from backup power sources to primary energy supply mechanisms through the implementation of microgrids. It identifies key experiences, barriers, and success factors derived from multiple case studies across various countries, highlighting how microgrids can effectively integrate renewable energy sources and enhance energy efficiency while addressing technical, regulatory, financial, and stakeholder challenges.
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2012
2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551)
Application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a "microgrid". During disturbances, the generation and corresponding loads can separate from the distribution system to isolate the microgrid's load from the disturbance (providing UPS services) without harming the transmission grid's integrity. This ability to island generation and loads together has a potential to provide a higher local reliability than that provided by the power system as a whole. In this model it is also critical to be able to use the waste heat by placing the sources near the heat load. This implies that a unit can be placed at any point on the electrical system as required by the location of the heat load. Index: microgrid, distributed generation, CHP, intentional islanding, voltage droop, power vs. frequency droop, inverters
Energy Procedia, 2014
The legacy paradigm for electricity service in most of the electrified world today is based on the centralized generation-transmission-distribution infrastructure that evolved under a regulated environment. More recently, a quest for effective economic investments, responsive markets, and sensitivity to the availability of resources, has led to various degrees of deregulation and unbundling of services. In this context, a new paradigm is emerging wherein electricity generation is intimately embedded with the load in microgrids. Development and decay of the familiar macrogrid is discussed. Three salient features of microgrids are examined to suggest that cohabitation of micro and macro grids is desirable, and that overall energy efficiency can be increased, while power is delivered to loads at appropriate levels of quality
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, 2008
T THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL BENEFITS OF THE MICROGRID, AND consequently its acceptability and degree of proliferation in the utility power industry, are primarily determined by the envisioned controller capabilities and the operational features. Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource (DER) units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems. The main reasons are as follows:
Journal of Engineering, 2013
The future electricity network must be flexible, accessible, reliable, and economic according to the worldwide smartgrid initiative. This is also echoed by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) and European Electricity Grid Initiative (EEGI). In order to facilitate these objectives and to reduce green house gas (GHG) emission, research on various configurations of microgrid ( G) system is gaining importance, particularly with high penetration of renewable energy sources. Depending on the resource availability, geographical locations, load demand, and existing electrical transmission and distribution system, G can be either connected to the grid or can work in an autonomous mode. Storage can also be a part of the G architecture. This paper presents a critical literature review of various G architectures. The benefits of grid-connected or isolated G with storage have also been identified.
Energies, 2023
In a modern and technological world that has a great demand for energy, a versatile energy market, and a renewed electric infrastructure capable of expanding the electric power system under the premise of universal access to electricity, that seeks to minimize the effects of climate change, and that requires an improvement in its reliability, security, and resilience, microgrids are born as one of the systems that have the potential to supply each of these requirements in order to guarantee an adequate decarbonization, decentralization, digitalization, diversification, and democratization of the future grid. However, the integration of microgrids into the electric power system will generate impacts that are currently under study. This paper identifies and analyzes the technical impacts in the electric power system due to the implementation of microgrids, based on what has been recognized in the literature, so that those who have purposes of installation, creation, innovation, and research of microgrids, such as grid operators, technology providers, companies, and researchers, can establish criteria and indicators through which the feasibility of projects involving microgrids can be determined. The concept, importance, and characteristics of microgrids are given, along with a technical justification of the impacts. In addition, technical impacts on some study cases of real microgrids around the globe are identified. Finally, an analysis of the identified technical impacts is offered, and conclusions are drawn.
2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America (T&D-LA), 2010
The objective of this paper is to present the current status and state-of-the-art of microgrid systems as well as the barriers that are being encountered for their integration to the network. The expectation about the microgrid performance is high, thus, issues related to the microgrid standards, autonomous operation, control strategies, regulatory barriers as well as its protection and islanding operation, among other aspects, will be discussed herein. Some examples of practical installations worldwide will also be presented.
IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2010
2018
A microgrid is low or medium voltage that includes and operates its own distributed energy resources. From the viewpoint of the distribution system, it can be seen as single entity, which is connected to the distribution network at a point of common coupling. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects on, e.g., grid losses and grid loading of the operation of a grid-connected microgrid in the distribution grid. A linear programming model has been developed for the optimal operation of a microgrid. The model has been applied on a real distribution grid that supplies an area in Gothenburg. The microgrid which is a 400 V network consisting of 78 villas includes various energy resources with the focus put on renewable energy generation and energy storage systems. Photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, batteries, a hydrogen energy storage system, and a combined heat and power generation plant are among the resources used in the microgrid. Five cases of different energy resources m...
TJPRC, 2014
Microgrids are the significant emerging systems for incorporating distributed energy generation into the larger electrical distribution system both from renewable as well as fossil fuel power sources. In the past decade the majority of microgrids had been only as pilot projects or research-related experiments, but such is not going to be the case in near future since whole power system is growing smarter very fast specially in the developed countries. Recent years have indicated a shift as some of the first commercial-scale microgrid projects reached noticable milestones. The budge from pilot corroboration projects to fully commercial projects is accelerating with the passable adoption of the IEEE islanding standards for microgrids. There is no particularly accepted benchmark test system for microgrids; as per the local necessitate different systems employ diverse microgrid topologies. This paper presents a detail appraisal of the current research development, demonstration and implementation work being carried out in the highly developed countries where the Microgrids are functional fruitfully; specifically at United States, Canada in North America and at Germany, Italy, United Kingdom in Europe. In this paper we shall see the implementation technical details, operating concepts, practical challenges and the control schemes of various microgrid set ups in the mentioned advance countries steering towards the wider goal of evolution of smart grid.
IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy
For power grids with high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), microgrids can provide operation and control capabilities for clusters of DERs and load. Furthermore, microgrids enhance resilience of the hosting bulk power grid if they are enabled to serve critical load beyond the jurisdiction of the microgrids. For widespread deployment of microgrids, a modular and standardized Microgrid Building Block (MBB) is essential to help reduce the cost and increase reliability. This paper proposes the conceptual design of an MBB with integrated features of power conversion, control, and communications, resulting in a systemwide controller for the entire microgrid. The results of a feasibility study indicate that, in a utility-connected mode, MBB-based microgrids can exchange power with the hosting power grid while serving regulation and optimal dispatch functions. In a resiliency (islanded) mode when the microgrid is disconnected from the utility system, the MBB control system acts to stabilize the system frequency and voltage under small or large disturbances. The microgrid controller is supported by a communication system that meets the latency requirements imposed by the microgrid dynamics as well as data acquisition time. The extended IEEE 13-node system is used as a microgrid model to validate the proposed MBB design and functionality.
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017
Microgrids have long been deployed to provide power to customers in remote areas as well as critical industrial and military loads. today, they are also being proposed as grid-interactive solutions for energy-resilient communities. such microgrids will spend most of the time operating while synchronized with the surrounding utility grid but will also be capable of separating during contingency periods due to storms or temporary disturbances such as local grid faults. properly designed and grid-integrated microgrids can provide the flexibility, reliability, and resiliency needs of both the future grid and critical customers. these systems can be an integral part of future power system designs that optimize investments to achieve operational goals, improved reliability, and diversification of energy sources. the key components of a microgrid are the isolating device at the point of interconnection (poi); the electric and thermal ©istockphoto.com/faithiecannoise Transmission Operations
Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to consumers and as such in the future, a great number of them will be installed at consumer's sites. In this situation, conventional distribution networks that accept distributed generation connections may face serious difficulty when its control and protection functions become more complicated. This incurs a burden to the network operation and some technical limitations will appear when a great number of distributed generations are installed. One way of overcoming such problems, a micro grid system is formed to provide reliable electricity and heat delivering services by connecting distributed generations and loads together within a small area. A microgrid is usually connected to an electrical distribution network in an autonomous way and employs various distributed generation technologies such as micro-turbine, fuel cell, photovoltaic system together with energy storage devices such as battery, condenser and flywheel. Micro grids can cause several technical problems in its operation and control when operated as autonomous systems. This paper is a review of three technical challenges on micro grid with respect to voltage and frequency control, islanding and protection of microgrids.
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