Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

In Wireless sensor networks the major concern is how to conserve the nodes' energy so that network lifetime can be extended significantly. Employing one static sink can rapidly exhaust the energy of sink neighbors. Furthermore, using a non-optimal single path together with a maximum transmission power level may quickly deplete the energy of individual nodes on the route. This all results in unbalanced energy consumption through the sensor field, and hence a negative effect on the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various mechanisms applied for increasing the network lifetime. These techniques, whether in the routing or cross-layer area, fall within the following types: multi-sink, mobile sink, multi-path, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, depending on the protocol operation. In this taxonomy, special attention has been devoted to the multi-sink, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, which have not yet received much consideration in the literature. Moreover, each class covers a variety of the state-of-the-art protocols, which should provide ideas for potential future works. Finally, we compare these mechanisms and discuss open research issues.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2018

Wireless Sensor Networks assume an imperative part to monitor and gather information from complex geological ranges. Energy conservation plays a fundamental role in WSNs since such sensor networks are designed to be located in dangerous and non-accessible areas and has gained popularity since the last decade. The main issue of Wireless Sensor Network is energy consumption. Therefore, management of energy consumption of the sensor node is the main area of our research. Sensor nodes use non-changeable batteries for power supply and the lifetime of Sensor node greatly depends on these batteries. The replacement of these batteries is very difficult in many applications, such as an alternative solution to this problem is to use Energy Harvesting system in Wireless Sensor Network to provide a permanent power supply to sensor nodes. This process of extracting energies from nature and converting it into electrical energy is called energy harvesting. Energy can be harvested from the environment for sensor nodes. There are many sources of energies in nature like solar, wind and thermal which can be harvested and used for WSNs. In this research, we suggest to use energy harvesting system for Cluster Heads in a clustering based Wireless Sensor Networks. We will compare our proposed technique to a well-known clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH).

E3S Web of Conferences, 2022

Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging technology that has the potential to be used in futuristic applications. Sensor nodes are energy-constrained. They rely on batteries with limited capacity which impact their lifetime or mobility. To address this problem, energy harvesting technology is a solution that aims to avoid the premature energy depletion of nodes. It recharges their batteries using an energy harvesting system from the environment. In this review work, we present the concept of energy harvesting technology (EH) and Energy-Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN). We then discuss many schemes in the literature to save energy consumption of the energy harvesting sensor networks. We study their protocol design strategies and working principals. We also summarize their merits, demerits along with some future research directions.

2014

Wireless Sensor Networks consist of a large number of small in size, low-power but smart sensor nodes are interfacing with one another and deployed over a certain inaccessible geographical area with portable sources like betters having limited power and storage space[1][2]. However, the battery presents several disadvantages required to be replaced or recharge them frequently. One possibility to overcome this power limitations problem is to harvest energy from the ambient limitless available energy sources in the environment surrounding to the sensor nodes are either to recharge batteries or directly use to power the sensor nodes of wireless sensor network. Most of the time, energy harvest from one source is not sufficient to meet the power requirement of sensor nodes. Therefore the hybrid energy harvesting techniques would be a solution to solve the low power problem of wireless sensor nodes. However the energy harvesting process may be irregular, thought there may be a limit on th...

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is made up of many sensor nodes deployed over a geographical area and powered by batteries with a limited lifetime. Implementing the applications of WSN in real world, minimizing energy consumption is one of the major issues. Hence efficient energy management is a key requirement. In this paper, a study on three different methods on energy management is discussed.

From Principle to Practice, 2000

This book chapter discusses power conservation problems in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The problem arises from the fact that WSNs have limited energy since sensors are powered with small batteries (due to the sensor size constraints). Currently, some energy-efficiency methods focus on reducing energy consumption by designing sensor hardware. Other methods enable sensors communicate with each other in an efficient manner by developing new communication protocols. Some communication protocols need to have extra information such as sensor locations for determining the best possible relays to deliver data to a Base Station. This chapter will first provide a survey on current power conservation methods. It will then discuss the efficiency and effectiveness of these methods, and propose possible solutions. Finally, it concludes the chapter with concluding remarks and open issues.

Journal of Communications, 2015

Traditional battery-powered wireless sensor networks face many challenges to meet a wide range of demanding applications nowadays due to their limited energy. Although energy harvesting techniques can scavenge energy from the environment to sustain network operations, dynamics from the energy sources may lead to service interruption or performance degradation when the sources are unavailable. Recent advances in wireless energy transfer have opened up a new dimension to resolve the network lifetime problem. In this paper, we present an overview of the wireless energy transfer techniques and recent developments to apply them in various sensing applications. We also show how this novel technology can be integrated with typical sensing applications and envision future directions in this area. Index Terms-Wireless sensor network, wireless energy transfer, perpetual operation, mobile data gathering I. INTRODUCTION With an increasing demand for diverse applications in our daily life, sensors have provided a bridge between the physical world and computer networks. By organizing sensor nodes into an autonomous network, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can sense, process and deliver information to enrich these data-driven applications. Such growing applications require more complex sensors so they usually have much higher energy consumption. To this end, energy conservation has been one of the primary focuses in the WSN research for the last decade [1]. These studies either try to optimize duty cycle on a single sensor or aim to maximize lifetime of the network [2], [3]. Although network lifetime can be elongated to some extent, battery-powered sensor nodes would deplete energy eventually. Replacing their batteries may require extensive human efforts especially in hazard circumstances such as detecting forest fire or monitoring volcano activities [4], [5]. If sensor's battery energy can be renewed, network lifetime can be extended towards perpetual operations. Recently, environmental energy harvesting has been proposed to renew sensor's battery. By installing external devices such as solar panels and wind turbines, sensors can scavenge ambient energy [6]-[8]. However, inherent

Wireless sensor networks are a new type of networked systems. They have constrained computational and energy resources and an ad hoc environment for their working. This paper presents an improvement on the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks by increasing the network's localization, clustering and power conservation abilities. Furthermore, using a novel and creative schemes to generate shortest paths for information routing from source to destination nodes and using a more efficient algorithm will improve the overall effectiveness of the entire network in terms of power efficiency. In this paper we have implemented an approach to limit the power consumption used by sensor networks for information transfer.

Knowledge and Information Systems, 2011

In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs. design principles behind them and their features instead of presenting a complete set of networking protocols for wireless sensor networks. For a survey on these aspects, the reader is referred to and .

Wireless sensor networks have become increasingly popular due to their wide range of applications. Energy consumption is one of the biggest constraints of the wireless sensor node and this limitation combined with a typical deployment of large number of nodes have added many challenges to the design and management of wireless sensor networks. They are typically used for remote environment monitoring in areas where providing electrical power is difficult. Therefore, the devices need to be powered by batteries and alternative energy sources. Because battery energy is limited, the use of different techniques for energy saving is one of the hottest topics in WSNs. In this work, we present a survey of power saving and energy optimization techniques for wireless sensor networks, which enhances the ones in existence and introduces the reader to the most well known available methods that can be used to save energy. They are analyzed from several points of view: Device hardware, transmission, MAC and routing protocols.

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are crucial in supporting continuous environmental monitoring, where sensor nodes are deployed and must remain operational to collect and transfer data from the environment to a base-station. However, sensor nodes have limited energy in their primary power storage unit, and this energy may be quickly drained if the sensor node remains operational over long periods of time. Therefore, the idea of harvesting ambient energy from the immediate surroundings of the deployed sensors, to recharge the batteries and to directly power the sensor nodes, has recently been proposed. The deployment of energy harvesting in environmental field systems eliminates the dependency of sensor nodes on battery power, drastically reducing the maintenance costs required to replace batteries. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art in energy-harvesting WSNs for environmental monitoring applications, including Animal Tracking, Air Quality Monitoring, Water Quality Monito...

2014

Wireless sensor networks is one of the active rese arch area now a days due to its vast applications i n different fields such as defence , civilian and med ical fields. One of the basic challenges in the des ign of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is maximizing their l ifetime because of the sensors placement in remote places which is having batteries as power sources. To extend the WSN lifetime, energy management is th e most important and critical aspect, for that we nee d different techniques in different aspects of WSN. This paper presents some methods which will be useful to minimize energy consumption in sensor networks and to increase lifetime of the WSN. Sensor nodes are u sing batteries as their power sources, effective an d efficient utilization of these power sources is ess ential in order to use sensor networks for longer p eriod hence it is required to reduce data transfer rate i nside sensor networks, reduce amount of data that r equired to send to base station. For this...

European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2022

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have largely integrated all areas, including the military and civil fields. Their main limitation is their energy resources, which are very limited. Charging or replacing their batteries is often complicated or impossible, due to the high costs involved. The development of new approaches to energy management techniques for these autonomous systems has identified two strategic categories of energy management classification. The first category "Software" targets the development of algorithms for routing protocols to make transmissions smarter and more energy-efficient. The second category "Hardware", focused more on new energy recovery technologies, has drawn the attention of academicians and industrialists because they bring a new manner of energy storage with life extension performance. Furthermore, this category has inspired new ways of supporting WSN administered applications such as real-time processes. In this paper, we review d...

In wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency plays a major role to determine the lifetime of the network. The network is usually powered by a battery which is hard to recharge. Hence, one major challenge in wireless sensor networks is the issue of how to extend the lifetime of sensors to improve the efficiency. In order to reduce the rate at which the network consumes energy, researchers have come up with energy conservation techniques, schemes and protocols to solve the problem. This paper presents a brief overview of wireless sensor networks, outlines some causes of its energy loss and some energy conservation schemes based on existing techniques used in solving the problem of power management.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014

As the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology has great advancement, small and smart WSN systems now can be used for more complicated and challenging applications. WSNs investigation has primarily believed the use of a convenient and inadequate energy source for empowering the sensors. A sensor becomes useless in the absence of energy and becomes unable to contribute to the utility of the network as a group. Therefore, extensive efforts have been used in finding energy-efficient networking protocols for increasing the life span of WSNs. However, there are promising WSN applications where the sensors are obligatory to work for a long time after their deployments. In these cases, batteries are tough or impractical to replace/recharge. Although, a little amount of power is required for these applications, the useable lifetime of WSNs is decreased by the gradual degradation of the batteries. With the motivation of raising the usable WSNs around us and to value a number of economic and environmental limitations, researchers are looking for new green and theoretically unlimited energy sources. Harvesting of energy from the ambient energy is the basement of these new sources. Energy harvesting devices efficiently and effectively capture, accumulate, store, condition, and manage this energy and supply it in a form that can be used to empower WSNs. This harvested energy can be an alternative energy source for adding-on a principal power source and thus increase the consistency of the whole WSN by preventing the disruption of power. A great deal of research has been reviewed and specific ranges of applications have been found. Though there are challenges to overcome, different researchers have taken different approaches to solve those. In this review, we have emphasized on different scopes, challenges, ideas and actions of energy harvesting for WSNs.