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Wrangling Machines

2005, History of Political Economy

Abstract

In nineteenth-century Britain a traditional, and ultimately ancient, political vocabulary of "patriotic virtue" gave way to what is, as John Burrow notes, "the more ostensibly private" language of "independent character" (Collini, Winch, and Burrow 1983, 205). This transformation in the language of English political and social thought was in part the consequence of the decreasing importance of ancient republican ideals of government in the nineteenth century. In the wake of the American Revolution, a traditional opposition ideology of republicanism now appeared revolutionary, and from the first years of the nineteenth century the language of franchise reform replaced that of republican virtue. 1 But the eclipse of "patriotic virtue" by "independent character" can also be related to the appearance of new objects of social concern in the nineteenth century. The notion of "character" served well for a nation in which both economic industry and imperial hardiness increasingly came to rival political activity as the testing ground of personality.