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2005, History of Political Economy
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21 pages
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In nineteenth-century Britain a traditional, and ultimately ancient, political vocabulary of "patriotic virtue" gave way to what is, as John Burrow notes, "the more ostensibly private" language of "independent character" (Collini, Winch, and Burrow 1983, 205). This transformation in the language of English political and social thought was in part the consequence of the decreasing importance of ancient republican ideals of government in the nineteenth century. In the wake of the American Revolution, a traditional opposition ideology of republicanism now appeared revolutionary, and from the first years of the nineteenth century the language of franchise reform replaced that of republican virtue. 1 But the eclipse of "patriotic virtue" by "independent character" can also be related to the appearance of new objects of social concern in the nineteenth century. The notion of "character" served well for a nation in which both economic industry and imperial hardiness increasingly came to rival political activity as the testing ground of personality.
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2021
In the nineteenth century, British social and political life bears witness to some leading movements such as conservatism, liberalism, feminism and socialism. The spirit of democratization and the dream of a better society and order triggered all these movements. The nineteenth-century British political and social thought has a deep influence on these central ideas of government in the light of industrial changes, their revolutionary consequences and democratic movements and thanks to the works of the representatives of these ideologies. Both Industrial Revolution and democratization are two significant developments that shaped the rise of these ideologies together with capitalist policies and rise of the British Empire. Radical changes and revolutions in British history deeply affect the role of the individual in the society and the role of government by forcing them to inevitable changes in their policies and roles. With the rise of industrial revolution and democratization (toget...
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Key features of late nineteenth and early twentieth century British thought include analysis of the nature of liberty, keen interest in the role of the state in creating conditions for personal development, and belief either in perfectibility of human beings or in social progress, often in both. In spite of significant disagreements on these issues, the main representative thinkers of this periodhere we focus on Herbert Spencer, T.H. Green, Bernard Bosanquet and L.T. Hobhousebelieved in systematic studies of human nature and society, drawing on a range of disciplines in humanities and natural sciences. Also all of them believed in a link between morality and politics. Unlike the liberal political theorists of the second half of the twentieth century, these Victorian and Edwardian thinkers, all passionate in defending liberty, were not moral pluralists.
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The modern self is said to live a life of performance. This raises the question of how the differences and contradictions in the lives people lived were managed in former times. I focus on the distinction between public and private roles. Textual evidence suggests that widespread disagreement and uncertainty about how private and public lives should be related persisted until about 1840. The debate on the question implied an ideal which I call the Liberal personality; a contrasting Tory personality is sketched. The strategies pursued by Tories in liberal times are identified and the support to them given, paradoxically, by the Liberal insistence on privacy is highlighted.
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