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Electronic information is becoming increasingly rich in content and varied in format and style while at the same time client devices are getting increasingly varied in their capabilities. This mismatch between rich contents and the end devices capability presents a challenge in providing seamless and ubiquitous access to electronic documents to interested users. Service-oriented content adaptation has emerged as a potential solution to the content-device mismatch problem. Since an adaptation task can potentially be performed by multiple content adaptation services (CAS), an approach for CAS discovery is a fundamental component of service-oriented content adaptation environment. In this paper, we propose a service discovery approach that considers the client device capability and the service's attributes to discover appropriate CAS while optimizing performance and functionality. The efficiency of the proposed CAS discovery protocol is studied experimentally. The results show that the proposed discovery approach is effective in terms of discovering appropriate content adaptation services.
Service-oriented content adaptation scheme has emerged to address content adaptation problem. In this scheme, content adaptation functions are provided as services by multiple providers, located across wide area network. To benefit from these services, clients must be able to locate them in the network. This makes service discovery as an important component. In this paper, we propose a service discovery protocol that takes into account searching space, searching time, QoS and physical location of the potential providers. The performance of the proposed protocol is studied in term of discoverability under various conditions and shown to be substantially better than the keyword-based and QoS-based approaches.
… of the 1st conference on Computing …, 2004
Pervasive computing applications allow users to access information from anywhere while traveling and using variety of devices. Heterogeneity and limitation of resources involved in this application demand adaptation of content according to the current context (device, user, network etc.). The dynamic nature of adaptation mechanisms together with emerging opportunities of Web Service technology provides new approach of adaptation which is service-based. While this approach would provide a valuable service for the end customer, the service provider, and the content provider, it is important to have an architectural framework which is simple, scalable, flexible and interoperable. Moreover, in order to provide a complete service-based content negotiation and adaptation solution, we must have a model, or a tool, that allows defining environmental constraints, mapping them to appropriate adaptation service requirements and finding an optimal service configuration.
According to the predominant computing environments, the history of Computing can be classified into the initial period of mainframes, the current one of personal computers, and the future one of Ubiquitous Computing whose goal is to provide the user with easy access to and processing of information at any time and from anywhere (Hansmann et al., 2003). Mobile communication has contributed to drive the leap of Computing into this new era, since it has given users unprecedented choice and freedom, enabling them to search for new and rewarding ways to conduct their personal and professional affairs. In just one decade, mobile networks have allowed for a growth rate that took fixed networks almost a century to achieve, and the advances in mobile technologies have led to the transition from voice-exclusive services to web-based content services. This globalized mobility requires new architectures and protocols that allow mobile networks to connect easily to several types of services and content providers spread over the Internet. The futuristic view of the mobile Internet presupposes users with different profiles using different access networks and mobile devices, requiring personalized services that meet their needs, availability and locations. In this context, it is necessary to describe information about people, places, devices and other objects that are considered relevant for the interaction between users and services, including the users and services themselves. The fields of Ubiquitous Computing include content adaptation, which involves converting an original content into a large number of formats compatible with the user preferences, the access device capabilities, the access network characteristics, and the delivery context. Due to the infinity of possible adaptations, the greater the quantity of available adaptation services, the higher the chances of meeting the user’s needs. The content adaptation can occurs at several points along the data path, including the origin server, the user device, and the edge device. An essential requirement for carrying out this process is the establishment of an adaptation policy, which defines what adaptation is to be done on a given content, when, and who should do it. To be effective, this policy must take into account information on users, devices, access network, content, and service agreement.
International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, 2008
Multimedia content adaptation has been proved to be an effective mechanism to mitigate the problem of devices and networks heterogeneity and constraints in pervasive computing environments. Moreover, it enables to deliver data taking into consideration the user's preferences and the context of his/her environment. In this paper, we present an algorithm for service composition and protocols for executing service composition plan. Both the algorithm and the protocols are implemented in our distributed content adaptation framework (DCAF) which provides a service-based content adaptation architecture. Finally, a performance evaluation of the algorithm and the protocols is presented.
Content adaptation is playing an important role in ubiquitous multimedia, however it is a challenging work due to the high degree of dynamism and heterogeneity of the ubiquitous computing environments, where hundreds of devices provide information, and thousands of terminals access these information. Recently, some researchers proposed to address this issue by dynamically organizing services or components into customized applications at runtime. However, due to the maintenance of the dependencies between services or components, this kind of system becomes more complicated with the growth of the system scale. Programming for these systems is also error-prone. This paper discusses the issues of content adaptation based approach for ubiquitous multimedia, and presents a prototype system, called UbiCon system. By abstracting media streams into generic CONTENT entities, the system provides a simple and powerful means for services to operate media stream. The CONTENT is dynamically created by the system at runtime, and essentially has local association with related services. As a result, the CONTENT is also used as a loosely coupling method for cooperating associated services. By abstracting services with a T model, the services can effectively cooperate together with other services. As a result, a collection of sophisticated applications can be built with this simple and effective services model.
2003
In this paper, we define a framework for media resources manipulation in an adaptive content delivery system. We discuss the media resources manipulation in an adaptation and negotiation architecture in terms of binary relationship definition using a so-called "related resources" approach, resources extraction, adaptation and delivery. We show how different resources can be related by predefined semantic relationships in order to help structural adaptation and content negotiation tasks. We give a simple recursive algorithm to extract media resources form an input tree structure. The media description is specified using an extensible CC/PP profile. In order to show the benefits of our approach, we give a practical application of media manipulation: an automatic adaptation of XHTML documents for mobile phones. We propose also a general mechanism for the content servers in order to deliver media resources according to client constraints or profile. The influence of media selection in the delivery of multimedia services is also described using evaluation formulae and measured with some experimentations.
2004
The use of context information is fundamental for the implementation of useful and efficient content adaptation operations. These in turn are instrumental to enable the universal access to multimedia content, meeting usage environment constraints imposed by terminals and networks. From a systems' perspective, delivering content to heterogeneous clients through diverse networks and environments, requires the provision of the structural support to process context-and content-related metadata and subsequently perform content adaptation operations. In addition it is essential to effectively enable the interoperation of diverse terminals and of all entities participating in the multimedia content delivery service. In this paper we present the approach taken in the IST ENTHRONE project through its Integrated Management Supervisor system.
Future Generation Computer Systems, 2011
Electronic documents are becoming increasingly rich in content and varied in format and style while at the same time client devices are getting increasingly varied in their capabilities. This mismatch between rich contents and the end devices' capability presents a challenge in providing seamless and ubiquitous access to these contents to interested users. Recently, service-oriented content adaptation has emerged as a potential mechanism to address some of the problems arising from the content-device mismatch. The major problem with service-oriented content adaptation scheme is that an adaptation task can potentially be performed by multiple services. In this case, selecting appropriate services among the many available services is necessary to increase the overall performance of the system. In this paper, we propose a multicriteria adaptation service selection broker that provides the possibility to select the best service among the available candidates. The performance of the proposed service selection framework is studied in terms of efficiency of service selection execution under various conditions. The results indicate that the proposed policy performs substantially better than the baseline approach.
Information Technology Journal, 2013
It is paramount to provide seamless and ubiquitous access to rich contents available onlule to interested usen via a wide range of devices with varied characteristics. Recently, a service-oriented content adaptation sclmne I-m emerged to address this content-device mismatch problem. Ln this scheme, content zdaptation functio~ls are provided as services by multiple provide=. This elevates service discoveiy as an irnporkult problem. As most of tlle clients are uskg battery-powered devices, discovering closer providers are essential to reduce tile accumulated time of receiving adapted content version. This study proposed a proximity-aware senrice discovery to address closer service discoveq issue. The proposed mechanism uses estimation method to find closer service providers. The perfmznce analysis verifies that our approach guarantees closer providers with a h g h probability, while at the same time sigdicantly reduced the overhead up to one magnitude compared with the baseline brute force method
Trends and Innovations
Future Internet, 2011
Multimedia streaming means delivering continuous data to a plethora of client devices. Besides the actual data transport, this also needs a high degree of content adaptation respecting the end users' needs given by content preferences, transcoding constraints, and device capabilities. Such adaptations can be performed in many ways, usually on the media server. However, when it comes to content editing, like mixing in subtitles or picture-in-picture composition, relying on third party service providers may be necessary. For economic reasons this should be done in a service-oriented way, because a lot of adaptation modules can be reused within different adaptation workflows. Although service-oriented architectures have become widely accepted in the Web community, the multimedia environment is still dominated by monolithic systems. The main reason is the insufficient support for working with continuous data: generally the suitability of Web services for handling complex data types and state-full applications is still limited. In this paper we discuss extensions of Web service frameworks, and present a first implementation of a service-oriented framework for media streaming and digital item adaptation. The focus lies on the technical realization of the services. Our experimental results show the practicality of the actual deployment of service-oriented multimedia frameworks.
2012
According to the predominant computing environments, the history of Computing can be classified into the initial period of mainframes, the current one of personal computers, and the future one of Ubiquitous Computing whose goal is to provide the user with easy access to and processing of information at any time and from anywhere (Hansmann et al., 2003). Mobile communication has contributed to drive the leap of Computing into this new era, since it has given users unprecedented choice and freedom, enabling them to search for new and rewarding ways to conduct their personal and professional affairs. In just one decade, mobile networks have allowed for a growth rate that took fixed networks almost a century to achieve, and the advances in mobile technologies have led to the transition from voiceexclusive services to web-based content services. This globalized mobility requires new architectures and protocols that allow mobile networks to connect easily to several types of services and ...
Proceedings - CISIS 2008: 2nd International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 2008
Web 2.0 changes the role of web users from information web consumers to web participants. In fact, when information is delivered, users' interactions modify data related information, making users authors themselves. Data acquire a new identity, each time they are used or modified according one's goal. They do not depend anymore on their producer and on the context where they have been published, but they are self-contained. We present here an integrated architecture, that exploits data related information, provided as XML metadata for storing, retrieval and delivery of multimedia contents. Metadata describe semantic , data organization, geographic reference, .... A prototype has been implemented to experiment the integration of an original service for content adaptation to client profile. We focus here on platform design, implementation and on service architecture. We realized a significant case study for semantic and location based information retrieval to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
2005
Pervasive systems are created by introducing wireless communication into distributed multimedia systems. These systems facilitate mobile data access to applications such as health care, tourism and emergency. However new challenges have emerged that has not been adequately addressed in traditional distributed multimedia systems. In pervasive systems, data must be adapted to the user's preferences, device capabilities and network conditions. Several content adaptation techniques have been proposed to fit the data to the usage environment. In this paper we present a distributed content adaptation framework (DCAF) for distributed multimedia systems and its prototype implementation. The architecture takes into consideration client profile, network conditions, content profile (meta-data) and available adaptation services (third party software elements) to construct an optimal dynamic adaptation graph.
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2013
Delivery of multimedia services over heterogeneous wireless networks is a challenging proposition because of the diverse characteristics of the underlying wireless technologies. The problem is compounded further by the availability of a wide range of end user devices such as desktops, notebooks, tablets and smartphones. To provide a consistent and uniform Quality of Experience to the end user, we propose a contextaware service adaptation framework in this paper. The basic idea is to monitor the user and network context and leverage this information for adapting services to match the device and network characteristics.
SCC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, 2009
Multimedia streaming means delivering continuous data to a plethora of client devices. Besides the actual data transport, this also needs a high degree of content adaptation respecting the end users' needs given by content preferences, transcoding constraints, and device capabilities. Such adaptations can be performed in many ways, usually on the media server. However, when it comes to content editing, like mixing in subtitles or picture-in-picture composition, relying on third party service providers may be necessary. For economic reasons this should be done in a service-oriented way, because a lot of adaptation modules can be reused within different adaptation workflows. Although service-oriented architectures have become widely accepted in the Web community, the multimedia environment is still dominated by monolithic systems. The main reason is the insufficient support for working with continuous data: generally the suitability of Web services for handling complex data types and state-full applications is still limited. In this paper we discuss extensions of Web service frameworks, and present a first implementation of a service-oriented framework for media streaming and digital item adaptation. The focus lies on the technical realization of the services. Our experimental results show the practicality of the actual deployment of service-oriented multimedia frameworks.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services - iiWAS '08, 2008
Content adaptation is an attractive solution for the ever growing desktop based Web content delivered to the user via heterogeneous devices, in order to provide acceptable experience while surfing the Web. Bridging the mismatch between the rich content and the user device's resources (display, processing, navigation, network bandwidth, media support) without user intervention requires a proactive behavior. While content adaptation poses multitude of benefits, without proper strategies, adaptation will not be truly optimized. There have been many projects focused on content adaptation that have been designed with different goals and approaches. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive classification for content adaptation system. The classification is used to group the approaches applied in the implementation of existing content adaptation system. Survey on some content adaptation systems also been provided. We also present the research spectrum in content adaptation and discuss the challenges.
2006 First International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP'06), 2006
The delivery of multimedia content often needs the adaptation of the content in order to satisfy user constraints. With the Digital Item Adaptation part, the MPEG-21 standard already defines a useful framework to handle this task. However, when the functionality of adaptation is split over several services the central instantiation of a suitable service chain needs to tackle a complex multi-objective optimization problem. In this problem between content choice and possible adaptations the current preference model in the MPEG-7/21 standard still lacks expressiveness. In the course of this paper we demonstrate this shortcoming and how the integration of more powerful models can ease the instantiation problem. As a running example we use a typical media streaming application with Web services as basic modules. We will let a central coordinator instantiate a service composition by integrating all needed Web services to adapt the multimedia content in the best possible fashion.
2012
Currently, multimedia contents can be accessed at anytime and anywhere with a wide variety of devices, such as laptops, smartphones and tablets. In this paper, we present a service-based multimedia adaptation architecture where adaptation services can be available locally and remotely on multiple platforms. When conflicts are detected between some multimedia document properties and profile constraints, we propose a procedure that selects relevant adaptation services in order to compute an adapted document. This procedure may be executed locally or remotely, moreover for unsovled conflicts this one indicates which services may have to be installed.
Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2007
Intelligent, server-side adaptation of multimedia resources is becoming increasingly important and challenging for two reasons. First, the market continuously brings up new mobile end-user devices to which the content has to be adapted as these devices support different display formats and operate on various types of networks. On the other hand, with the help of metadata annotations which are now available in the MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standard, advanced forms of resource adaptations on the content level become possible.
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