Ori Land

Novel Combustion Concepts for Sustainable Energy Development, 2014

Biomass is the most abundant, renewable unexplored source of energy. It is organic in nature, basically comprising cellulosic in nature and hemicellulosic matter found in the biodegradable material from energy crops , agricultural and forest wastes , industrial, consumer and animal wastes. Energy reach compounds, otherwise known as bio-fuels, are prepared from the bio-mass by three important processes, physical, biological and thermo-chemical process. Bio-fuels are prepared in three forms that are solid, liquid and gaseous. Since these bio-fuels are the products from the bio-mass or the biological wastes as mentioned above, so bio-fuels draws credits for re-circulation of carbon to the atmosphere, rather adding more of Green House Gas. This also contains very less amount of sulphur compounds so SOx pollution is negligible. It is also seen, that nitrogen content in bio-flues compared to fossil fuels is less to 50%, resulting low NO x release to atmosphere. These are the basic reasons why this plays an advantageous role than the fossil fuels to bring back a healthy environment by restricting the Green House Effect, which is of great concern. INTRODUCTION Biomass is the most abundant and renewable resources of energy in the world. It is any organic matter, particularly cellulose or hemicellulosic matter, which is available on a renewal basis or recurring basis, including trees, plants and associated residues, poultry litter and other animal waste, industrial waste and the paper components of municipal solid waste. With the depletion of fossil fuels and the global Green House Effect, renewable energy is validating its position and importance in the field of energy by fulfilling the 2 requirement environmentally and also as a source for renewable energy. With it zero emission of CO 2 , biomass is one of the most, potentially rich resource of energy that is to be explored. Biomass is converted into bio-fuels using different processes mostly because biomass is a low energy density material with a low bulk density, it degrades on storage and also it is difficult and costly to transport, store and use. The cellulose are dehydrated glucose units with a degree of polymerization of 10,000, where as hemi cellulose are linear polymers of C 5 and C 6 compounds with degree of polymerization of less than 200. Lignin is a random three-dimensional structure of phenolic compounds. Bio-fuels from Biomass:-The parameters like temperature conditions, volatility, reactivity and pressure effect the depolymerization of the biomass to gas through decomposition process and many complex reactions. The biofuels obtained from different biomass are classified into solid, liquid and gases. SOLID BIOFUELS:-They are solid biomass that are combustible such as wood, compressed peat and dry bagasses etc., these can be burnt to get heat as a form of energy. LIQUID BIOFUELS:-This basically consists of liquid extracted from biomass and used as fuel and for production of other useful chemicals. This liquid stream consists of bio-oils and other organic chemicals. It is dull black-brown liquid and remains in liquid form at room temperature. This contains many chemicals mainly ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetic acid, bio-oils and bio-diesel. GASESS BIO-FUELS:-Gaseous product obtained from biomass decomposition contains primarily hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases depending upon the organic nature of biomass and process condition..

Biofuels are liquids that derive from bio mass, both from plant materials and animal fat. Biofuels are products that can be processed in to liquid fuels for either transport or heating purposes. The most popular forms of biofuel are bioethanol, biodiesel and methanol. Bio ethanol is an alcohol derived from sugar or starch crops by fermentation. A second generation of bio ethanol-lignocelluloses includes a range of forestry products such as forestry coppices and energy grasses. Bio ethanol can be used in pure from or blended with gasoline. Bio ethanol is produced from agricultural products including starchy and cereal crops such as sugarcane, corn, beets, wheat and sorghum. Bio diesel is derived from vegetable oils by reaction of the oil with methanol. A second generation of bio diesel technologies synthesizes diesel fuel from wood and straw to a gasification stage. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or blended with automotive diesel. Biodiesel is made from oil or tree seeds such as rapeseed, sunflower, soya, palm, Pongamapinnata, Andiroba(Carporaguianensis), Babassu(Orbigniasp), barley, Camelina(Camelina sativa) coconut(copra), Jatropha curcas, Cumary (Dipterus odorata),groundnut, mustard, peanut, fishoil, and animal fat. Biodiesel derived from green algae and cyanobacteria biomass has the potential for high volume and cost effective production. It is carbon neutral. In recent years, bioenergy has drawn attention as a sustainable energy resource that may help cope with rising energy prices, but also provides income to poor farmers and rural communities around the globe. Developing countries with tropical climate have a comparative advantage in growing energy with biomass. Advantages of using bio fuel are renewable fuel, low toxicity, biodegradable, lower emissions of contaminants, lower health risk, no sulfur dioxide emissions and higher flash point and also decreases the country " s dependence on imported petroleum. Biofuels represent important opportunities and challenges for sustainable development, both globally and domestically. Bio fuels can help to tackle climate change and improve rural employment and livelihood. Their reduced carbon emissions compared to conventional fuels and their positive impacts on rural development, together with the current high oil prices are key elements behind their market development. Thus bio diesel is a potential replacement for petroleum based liquid fuels. Biomass for fuel production is gaining importance in terms of its productivity, practicality and innovative potential to create a cost competitive, environment friendly and renewable source of liquid fuel.

California Agriculture 63(4), 155-158, 2009

Biofuels — fuels derived from plant materials and other kinds of biomass — have ridden a rollercoaster of public debate.

2013

2018

Science, 2009

Biofuels - State of Development

REST publisher, 2022

Biofuels are renewables derived from microorganisms, plants or animals Are energy sources. Examples of biofuels are ethanol (mostly in the United States) Cane is also produced in Brazil), biodiesel (from vegetable oils and liquid animal fats) Derived), green diesel (derived from algae and other plant sources) and biogas (Derived from animals) (fertilizers and other digestive products). Biofuels can be solid, liquid or May be gaseous. They are most effective in the last two forms because it is transport, Facilitates distribution and clean combustion. Biofuels from organisms Are defined as derived fuels, otherwise known as organic substances. This includes any plant or moss material (including wood) and animal waste. This kind of Fuels are considered renewable energy sources because they are sustainable for life Are naturally filled by rotation. Fossils such as coal, oil and natural gas It is an attractive alternative to fuels. These products have been around for thousands of years Developed and costly and environmentally harmful processes Should be extracted from deep ground using. They are much faster than they are produced Are consumed in proportion, i.e. sooner or later the entire distribution of the planet's fossil fuels Will be reducedespecially if they are reduced to the current rate. Simply put, life Fuels are one of all fuel sources made from organic materials Say c-by. However, not all biofuels are created equal. In fact, There is a clear difference between primary biofuels and secondary biofuels, they are differentiated based on how they are produced, but they are It also affects how they are commonly used. Biofuels are from an organism Obtained fuels-i.e. plant or algae material or animal waste. Petroleum, Coal Unlike fossil fuels such as and natural gas, biofuels are renewable energy sources. Are considered as evidence because they can be filled immediately.

e-Agronegocios

The overall objective of the article is to characterize trends in biofuel production worldwide. The methodology is qualitative, and the method is of documentary review by matrices with an observation window of the last decade. The main results in reference to the lines of discussion around the production of agrofuel worldwide are from the legislation underpinning the legal environment of trade; secondly, prices; third trade; fourthly production and finally the impact of production on the environment. The main conclusion is that there is scientific evidence that establishes the advantages and disadvantages of biofuel production both economically, socially, politically, and environmentally. One way the agribusiness of biofuels has responded to is through the use of technologies to minimize the effects of production. An example of this is second-generation biofuels. However, there is still a long way to go to say that they are the best choice from the economic, environmental, and socia...