Framework and Model for Parking Decisions

Transportation, 1991

Over recent years, parking policy has become a key element of transport policy in many countries. Parking policy measures can affect many different dimensions of travel behaviour but are likely to be most significant in terms of travellers' choice of parking type and location. This dimension of travel choice has, to date, received comparatively little attention, yet is of vital importance if we are to properly understand and predict the effects of parking policy measures.

2012

This paper assesses the effects of parking availability on behavioral responses by travelers, and which approaches are appropriate for modeling those responses. In addition to the well-known trade-offs between travel times and fuel or transit ticket costs, parking search times and costs have a significant impact on travelers' decisions. A stated choice study of parking, location, and mode choice was conducted to assess those choices.

Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2014

We examine car driver's behaviour when choosing a parking place; the alternatives available are free on-street parking, paid on-street parking and parking in an underground multi-storey car park. A mixed logit model, allowing for correlation between random taste parameters and estimated using stated choice data, is used to infer values of time, both when looking for a parking space and for accessing the final destination. Apart from the cost of parking, we found that vehicle age was a key variable when choosing where to park in Spain. We also found that the perception of the parking charge was fairly heterogeneous, depending both on the drivers' income levels and whether or not they were local residents. Our results can be generalised for personalised policy making related with parking demand management.

Transport Policy, 2019

Evaluating the effectiveness of parking policies to relieve parking demand pressure in central areas and to reduce car use requires an investigation of traveler responses to different parking attributes, including the money and time costs associated with parking. Existing parking studies on this topic are inadequate in two ways. First, few studies have modelled parking choice and mode choice simultaneously, thus ignoring the interaction between these two choice realms. Second, existing studies of travel choice behavior have largely focused on the money cost of parking while giving less attention to non-price-related variables such as parking search time and egress time from parking lot to destination. To address these issues, this paper calibrates a joint model of travel mode and parking location choice, using revealed-preference survey data on commuters to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, a large university campus. Key policy variables examined include parking cost, parking search time, and egress time. A comparison of elasticity estimates suggested that travelers were very sensitive to changes in egress time, even more so than parking cost, but they were less sensitive to changes in search time. Travelers responded to parking policies primarily by shifting parking locations rather than switching travel mode. Finally, our policy simulation results imply some synergistic effects between policy measures; that is, when pricing and policy measures that reduce search and egress time are combined, they shape parking demand more than the sum of their individual effects if implemented in isolation.

Transportation Planning and Technology, 1989

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site-speci c studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important in uence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site-speci c studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which re ects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model speci cation are made.

Transport Policy, 2020

This study provides empirical evidence and analyses of cruising time for parking in a dense urban area. A survey was conducted across three distinct geographical areas in the central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Australia, over one week to assess the effect of parking and driving habits on search time for parking. Drivers' parking behavior was observed and responses to a questionnaire were obtained from 138 drivers. Several large transactional datasets were also used to complement the survey data and evaluate the impact of parking supply/demand and traffic volume on cruise time. Overall, 25% of the participants did not cruise for parking, 40% spent less than five minutes, and 35% spent more than five minutes to find parking. Our results reveal that arrival time is a significant determinant of cruising behavior. Approximately 80% of the drivers who parked every day in the CBD found parking in less than three minutes, while almost 50% of those who parked occasionally in the CBD had to search for parking more than five minutes. The trip purpose also impacted cruise time for parking; drivers who traveled for work or business were more likely to cruise for parking compared to all other trip purposes. One surprising finding of this study is the negative association between relative traffic volume and cruising time; drivers who tended to search for on-street parking in the Brisbane CBD were more likely to avoid peak traffic. Our findings, in general, highlight the need to provide real-time and reliable parking information to regular commuters to minimize their total travel time and to reduce congestion in the CBD. Provision of a parking information system can mitigate cruising for on-street parking in the CBD, especially if it considers the prices of both on-street and offstreet parking facilities and enables customized comparisons between them.

Transportation Planning and …, 2002

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020

We introduce a methodology to estimate the effect of parking prices on car drivers' choice between street and garage parking. Our key identifying assumption is that the marginal benefit of parking duration does not depend on this choice. The endogeneity of parking duration is acknowledged in the estimation procedure. We apply the methodology during daytime hours to an area where cruising for parking is absent, street parking is ubiquitous and garage parking is discretely located over space. So, in this area, the average distance to the final destination is longer for garage parking than for street parking. We find that drivers are willing to pay a premium for street parking which ranges from € 0.37 to € 0.60. Given a parking duration of one hour, we find that the demand for street parking is price elastic: the price elasticity of demand for the share of street parking is - 5.5. However, this price elasticity is much smaller for shorter parking durations. Our estimates imply that even small reductions in street parking prices induce a strong increase in the stock of cars parked on-street. Our estimates also imply that a policy which contains a street premium (so street prices exceed garage prices) is welfare improving, because drivers with longer parking durations are induced to use parking locations that are, on average, farther away, so this policy reduces total walking time