Quantum Physics - A Beginner- s Guide

The paper "Unified Field Theory and the Configuration of Particles" opened a new chapter of physics. One of the predictions of the paper is that a proton has an octahedron shape. As Physics progresses, it focuses more on invisible particles and the unreachable grand universe as visible matter is studied theoretically and experimentally. The shape of invisible proton has great impact on the topology of atom. Electron orbits, electron binding energy, Madelung Rules, and Zeeman splitting, are associated with proton’s octahedron shape and three nuclear structural axes. An element will be chemically stable if the outmost s and p clouds have eight electrons which make atom a symmetrical cubic.

This thesis covers pair production, particles, quark confinement, the nucleus and a relativistic lattice model for the atom. Much of my previous work is included and updated, with considerable new material.

2019

The photon is demystified in energy wave theory as a transverse wave packet of energy, resulting from the vibration of particles that are responding to waves that naturally travel the universe. In earlier works in the theory, the photon was accurately modeled mathematically with the same wave properties that govern the creation of particles and their forces. In this paper, the photon’s behavior is further explained to match various photon experiments, describing the mechanism for the creation and absorption of transverse waves.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the preservice science teachers' difficulties about the concept of atoms. The data was collected from two different sources: The Draw an Atom Test (DAAT) and face-to-face interviews. Draw an atom test (DAAT) were administered to the 142 science teacher candidates. To elaborate the results, the researcher conducted face-to-face interviews with 15 students. The students’ drawings were analyzed and grouped into eight different categories. These categories were: 1- Rutherford atomic model, 2- Bohr atomic model, 3- Probability orbit model, 4- Probability model, 5- Electronium model, 6- Electronium orbit model, 7- Orbital model, and 8- Wave orbit model. Based on the results, the Bohr atomic model was the most drawn model by the students while probability atomic model, the wave orbit model, and Electronium orbit model were the least drawn. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the pre-service science teachers had difficulty in grasping atom, electron cloud, and orbital concepts as well as the atom models, the probable nature of quantum physics, and wave-particle duality.

The wave model of light was born in the 17 th Century and was quickly abandoned in favor of the old Corpuscular Hypothesis on the strength of Newton's authority. It flourished again in the 19 th Century only to be eclipsed once again by the Corpuscular Hypothesis at the turn of the century. The participants at the 5 th Solvay Conference reached a compromise in 1926 and finally merged the wave and the corpuscle into an unfathomable concoction known as 'wave-packet'. This is the official model today, but now it rests on the authority of Niels Bohr. However, the Wave-Packet Hypothesis is not about architecture. The mathematical establishment has turned the argument upside down and incongruously states that light 'behaves' as a wave or as a particle depending on the circumstances. There is, therefore, no formal physical configuration of light in Mathematical Physics that a theorist can challenge. Many in the establishment even argue that a mediator is unnecessary and dispose of one entirely in their talks. We compare the wave, particle, field, and wave-packet models championed by Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, and General Relativity against the Rope Hypothesis to underscore that a new paradigm has emerged in the centuries-old debate.

Physics Essays, 2007

A review of those forms of standard quantum mechanics that include the Pauli Exclusion Principle as it is applied to atomic species, (that is versions of quantum that are multi-electron and multi-orbital) shows they are not consistent with energy conservation. Particular focus is given to helium in which it is shown that energy conservation is not consistent with current models.

By the nineteenth century, enough evidence had accumulated in favour of atomic hypothesis of matter. In 1897, the experiments on electric discharge through gases carried out by the English physicist J. J. Thomson (1856 – 1940) revealed that atoms of different elements contain negatively charged constituents (electrons) that are identical for all atoms. However, atoms on a whole are electrically neutral. Therefore, an atom must also contain some positive charge to neutralise the negative charge of the electrons. But what is the arrangement of the positive charge and the electrons inside the atom? In other words, what is the structure of an atom? The first model of atom was proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1898. According to this model, the positive charge of the atom is uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the atom and the negatively charged electrons are embedded in it like seeds in a watermelon. This model was picturesquely called plum pudding model of the atom. However subsequent studies on atoms, as described in this chapter, showed that the distribution of the electrons and positive charges are very different from that proposed in this model. We know that condensed matter (solids and liquids) and dense gases at all temperatures emit electromagnetic radiation in which a continuous distribution of several wavelengths is present, though with different intensities. This radiation is considered to be due to oscillations of atoms Chapter Twelve ATOMS

Quantum realism, the world view that everything arises from a non-physical quantum world, sits between the dominant views of physical realism and dualism. It agrees with physical realism that there is one reality out there apart from us but disagrees that the physical world is it. It agrees with orthodox religion that there is a reality beyond the physical world but disagrees that there are two realities. As a statement about the physical world, it is subject to science. Its main scientific contrast is physical realism, so this chapter addresses the question “What is Matter?” to make a testable prediction that contradicts physical realism. A major Chapter 4, 2021 update prior to releasing Chapter 6 The Mystery of Consciousness on the 1st November 2021.

2019

A new, energy wave equation is proposed to calculate subatomic particle energies, including rest mass, photon energies and annihilation properties. Evidence in support of the equation is presented in this paper by accurately calculating the rest energy of particles, the hydrogen spectral series and the ionization energies for elements from hydrogen to calcium. This paper also proposes that a fundamental particle is the building block for all other subatomic particles as there is a linear relationship established between particle number and mass, similar to how atomic elements were simplified by a linear relationship between atomic number and mass. The relationship between atomic number and mass ultimately led to the Periodic Table of Elements and the discovery of the proton as the fundamental nucleon that creates all of the known elements.

a hypothesis for a carrier of light (aether) which could move a wave of light (angular) impulse at speed c -- using only the laws of mechanics. And a discussion of the ramifications of such an aether design