LINKING CLIMATE CHANGE FINANCING AND SUSTAINABILITY

This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. This material has also been funded by the U.K. government through UKAid; however, the views expressed here do not necessarily reflect official U.K. policies. This work was partly funded and conducted by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). CCAFS brings together some of the world's best researchers in agricultural science, development issues, climate science, and Earth System science, to identify and address the most important interactions, synergies, and trade-offs between climate change, agriculture, and food security. The views expressed in this document are not necessarily endorsed by or representative of CCAFS, CIAT, or of the cosponsoring or supporting organizations.

Farmers working in the field, Kabaune Village (Giaki), Kenya Policy brief This brief addresses the major challenges and opportunities to financing climate change mitigation and adaptation pathways for smallholder farmers in developing nations. It underlines the need for an innovative and integrated approach to climate finance that can connect rural farmers to public and private finance at the global level. Lastly, it provides recommendations for future actions that can meet adaptation, development and mitigation aims. Key messages • Up-front public sector finance will be necessary to reduce the investment risk associated with smallholder agricultural projects, overcome the initial investment gap and leverage private capital towards sustainable agriculture. • Building upon pre-existing local development institutions, strengthening the capacity of community-based organizations and securing land tenure can ensure that project benefits reach farmers and are distributed equitably, increasing project success. • Investment in smallholder agriculture should take a holistic approach, focusing on the issues of food security and livelihoods and foster mitigation as a co-benefit. • To increase the effectiveness of recent climate change adaptation schemes, focus should be placed on key areas such as the development of pro-poor insurance markets, addressing issues of affordability for poor farmers, building human resource capacity and using far-reaching, efficient distribution channels. • Using a networked financing approach that combines many and diverse investments in land can overcome the high risk associated with smallholder farmers and drive investment to promote sustainable practices on a large scale. • Scientifically robust research frameworks are needed to quantify how management practices can reduce climate risk and attract investment in climate change adaptation projects.

Climate change is a frontline issue in global development debates. While the developed world takes the lead in mitigation of climate change, adaptation is inevitable in developing countries agriculture, where the impact of climate variability is already alarming. However, the adaptive capacities of these developing economies need to be steered up through appropriate financing which are highlighted in this paper. The paper draws attention to the need for holistic policies that simultaneously address investments in adaptation to climate change and productivity in agriculture. Emphasis was made on the fact that although co-benefits or synergies often emanate from such policies, tradeoffs may also result.

2011

International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science (IJAES) E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894 Vol 10. No. 6 2024 www.iiardjournals.org Online Version, 2024

Sustainable Agriculture is a farming approach that in the long run and it improves the quality of the environment and the foundational resources that agriculture & livestock rely on. It fulfils fundamental human needs for food and fiber ensuring economic viability while also promoting the welfare of farmers and society as a whole (ASA, 1989). Sustainable agriculture operates within the limitations of both physical and biological resources as well as the socio-economic aspects and overall quality on the other. Sustainable agriculture is not only a method of farming but also a philosophy. Based on a set of principles, it reflects an understanding of ecological and social realities, coupled with a commitment to respond effectively to this understanding. It places significant emphasis on establishing and sustaining farming techniques that are compatible with the environment's natural processes to conserve all resources, minimize waste, and reduce environmental harm, all while sustaining and enhancing farm productivity (Mac Rae et al., 1990). Sustainable Agriculture faces the huge challenge of meeting increasing food demands while simultaneously reducing its environmental footprint and meeting sustainability goals. Climate change is a major risk to sub-Saharan Africa and the southern Africa region in particular. This study explores the critical intersection of agriculture, climate change, and sustainable development in Africa. It emphasizes the urgent need to strengthen agricultural sectors to ensure food security, alleviate poverty, and address climate change's looming threat. The research involves a literature review methodology, analyzing climate change trends and their impact on food security through both qualitative and statistical analysis. It also includes the creation of a customized climate change adaptation framework for Africa. Sustainable agriculture emerges as a key solution to address challenges such as soil degradation in Africa's diverse agricultural landscape. Climate change is driven by greenhouse gas emissions, significantly affects the continent's agriculture & livestock production. Strategies like diversification, ecosystem-based adaptation and technology adoption are recommended. Government policies, climate advisories, and sustainable agriculture initiatives play significant roles. The study concludes by pin-pointing the significance of collaboration, innovation and investment to dynamize Africa's agriculture against climate change and its effects leading to a more secure and prosperous future. Keywords: Climate Change, Climate Resilient, Sustainable Agriculture, Diversification, Ecosystem-Based Adaptation, Sub- Saharan Africa

2020 Vision Focus, 2009

I f fundamental climate change mitigation and adaptation goals are to be met, international climate negotiations must include agriculture. Agriculture and climate change are linked in important ways, and this brief focuses on three: (1) climate change will have large effects on agriculture, but precisely where and how much are uncertain, (2) agriculture can help mitigate climate change, and (3) poor farmers will need help adapting to climate change. As negotiations get underway in advance of the meeting of the 15th Conference of Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen in December 2009, this brief suggests negotiating outcomes for both adaptation and mitigation that will support climate change goals while enhancing the well-being of people who manage and depend on agriculture, especially in the developing world. Climate change will affect agriculture, but it is uncertain where and how much Climate change will have dramatic consequences for agriculture. Water sources will become more variable, droughts and floods will stress agricultural systems, some coastal food-producing areas will be inundated by the seas, and food production will fall in some places in the interior. Developing economies and the poorest of the poor likely will be hardest hit. Overall, however, substantial uncertainty remains about where the effects will be greatest. Agricultural outcomes are determined by complex interactions among people, policies, and nature. Crops and animals are affected by changes in temperature and precipitation, but they are also influenced by human investments such as irrigation systems, transportation infrastructure, and animal shelters. Given the uncertainties about where climate change will take place and how farmers will respond, much is still unknown about the effects of climate change on agricultural production, consumption, and human well-being, making it difficult to move forward on policies to combat the effects of climate change. Suggested negotiating outcome: Fund research on the interactions between climate change and agriculture Research that improves understanding and predictions of the interactions between climate change and agriculture should be funded. Climate change assessment tools are needed that are more geographically precise, that are more useful for agricultural policy and program review and scenario assessment, that more explicitly incorporate the biophysical constraints that affect agricultural productivity, and that better integrate biophysical and socioeconomic scenarios. Cost-effective ways to help poor farmers adapt to climate change are needed Even with the best efforts to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs), it is inevitable that poor farmers will be affected. The goal is to find and fund the most cost-effective ways to help the poor adapt to the changes, a daunting task because of uncertainty about the magnitude of possible changes, their geographic distribution, and the long lead times needed to implement adaptation efforts.

preliminary report by …, 2009

This report does not address the existing positive options for an agriculture that mitigates climate change. They have long been advocated by, for example, the world's largest organisation of smallholder farmers, Via Campesina. These options have hardly been registered by the climate talks in the run up to Copenhagen. The challenge for a post-2012 climate agreement besides setting meaningful policies for reducing emissions, is to withstand the lobbying of companies seeking to extract carbon credits from agriculture.