MAPPING PAKISTAN 2010 FLOODS USING REMOTE SENSING DATA

2020

Floods are one of the most common hazards in the world, affect ing people's lives and livelihoods. Flood hazard mapping and flood shelters suitability analysis are v ital elements in appropriate land use planning for flood-prone areas. This paper describes application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Info rmation Systems (GIS) in identifying flood hazard zones and flood shelters and are therefore important tools for planners and decision makers. The purpose of this article is to describe a simp le and efficient methodology to accurately delineate flood inundated areas, flood-hazard areas, and suitable areas for flood shelter to min imize flood impacts. Possible extent of flooding and suitable location flood shelter sites were modeled and mapped for Sindh Province in Pakistan, using the software ArcGIS model builder. The output was validated using inundation maps based on flood events that took place in 2010 in Pakistan. These were mapped using object-based image analysis...

International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 2020

The most recurring type of disaster in the world these days is flood because of the spread and extent of its effect on people, among all-natural disasters of the world. Human activities have paved the way for many of these flood behavior to change as they used to be in the past. Pakistan experienced one of the most devastating natural disasters in its history all across the country in 2010, but Thatta district in southern part got severely affected during this flood. For the research, a simple yet efficient methodology Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) by using remote sensing images for identifying flood hazard areas was utilized. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) helps in finding shelter areas with a minimum effect of floods. It is essential to realize the importance of mapped results in consideration of manual flood management in future. The method used in this study is robust enough to explain the flood hazard for suggesting suitable shelter sites in case of floodi...

Floods are one of the leading natural disasters in Pakistan. In recent decades the frequency and intensity of floods has increased due to human and environmental factors. In this work an attempt was made to examine the flood vulnerable areas of Jhang district and its impact on land cover changes by using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Image Analysis and different indices like NDVI, NDWI were applied on satellite images for identification of flood prone areas and vegetation conditions in study area. Flood prone areas were further classified into low, medium and high risk areas according to flood hazard. The results indicate that, Jhang covers total area of 6357 km 2 out of which flood affected area is 530 km 2 . During the flood of 2010 water area expanded approximately 714 km 2 while a decline was observed in agricultural lands which have lost139 km 2 area under vegetation.

PPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, 2019

The paper investigates the causes, magnitude and damage caused by the flood as a result of the breaching of the east marginal embankment of the Taunsa Barrage. The flood frequency in the district of Muzaffar Garh located in south Punjab, Pakistan had serious impacts on human lives and their properties. To pursue this study, we used primary data, collected through questionnaire, formal interviews, field observations and secondary data, obtained through government departments and online open source databases. Furthermore, Landsat ETM+ imageries were used as input in the supervised classification in order to investigate the pre and post flooding land cover and land use. Hydrograph was used to analyze the flood limits and spatiotemporal change in river discharge for barrages. The results show an abnormal rainfall occurring in the month of July in the upper Indus Basin, which resulted in a massive discharge in the central Indus Basin. As a consequence, it exceeded the flood limits at the Taunsa Barrage, which resulted in the breaching of east marginal embankment. The flood caused a high number of human casualties and a total economic loss of 14.23 million US$ including a 6.8 million US$ agricultural loss. The study thus, gives insight on how authorities can devise a flood management plan in such a way to reduce the future impacts of riverine flood disasters in Muzaffar garh.

Natural Hazards

The Indus flood in 2010 was one of the greatest river disasters in recent history, which affected more than 14 million people in Pakistan. Although excessive rainfall between July and September 2010 has been cited as the major causative factor for this disaster, the human interventions in the river system over the years made this disaster a catastrophe. Geomorphic analysis suggests that the Indus River has had a very dynamic regime in the past. However, the river has now been constrained by embankments on both sides, and several barrages have been constructed along the river. As a result, the river has been aggrading rapidly during the last few decades due to its exceptionally high sediment load particularly in reaches upstream of the barrages. This in turn has caused significant increase in cross-valley gradient leading to breaches upstream of the barrages and inundation of large areas. Our flow accumulation analysis using SRTM data not only supports this interpretation but also points out that there are several reaches along the Indus River, which are still vulnerable to such breaches and flooding. Even though the Indus flood in 2010 was characterized by exceptionally high discharges, our experience in working on Himalayan rivers and similar recent events in rivers in Nepal and India suggest that such events can occur at relatively low discharges. It is therefore of utmost importance to identify such areas and plan mitigation measures as soon as possible. We emphasize the role of geomorphology in flood analysis and management and urge the river managers to take urgent steps to incorporate the geomorphic understanding of Himalayan rivers in river management plans.

The objective of this research is to give a way how MODIS time serious imagery is utilized to monitor the extent of flood tempo-rally affected areas by quantify assessment of land cover/land use. MODIS time serious imagery is very useful to map out the flood extent. In addition of other spatial data infrastructure damage assessment is quantified as flood is risk to society and economy therefore a better and sustainable management plan is required to access flood risk. Remotely sensed data is used to monitor the land use changes and to locate the flood prone areas in the lower Indus basin, Sindh, Pakistan. For monitoring and mapping MODIS (Terra) with daily rainfall and discharge data is used while for the detail assessments of selected areas, medium resolution satellite data.

3C Tecnología_Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme

Today we are encircled by multiple problems, such as global warming, drought, wildfires, Hurricanes and tropical storms etc; among them, flooding is one of the major problems; however, the flood hazards are probably rising due to an amalgamation of environmental and socioeconomic effects. Therefore flood safety measurements are more essential to avoid barriers toward major development in society associated with the environment, which requires modern and accurate steps for preventing the impacts of the flood on population and properties. Floods are among the most destructive physical vulnerabilities on the earth's surface, which cause major economic and social damages rather than any other natural incidence. However, the flood problem begins because human beings are using river floodplains. In this research our focus is to identify and measure extent and impacts such as Infrastructural, loss of Agriculture, Built-up (Houses), natural vegetation and property along Indus river due to heavy flooding of 2010, to achieve our purpose, two different years Landsat imageries before and after flood i.e September 2009 and September 2010 have been applied and the desired results were achieved through the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. With the help of RS data, hazardous impacts of flooding 2010 have been observed on the bases of different factors which were performed on Arc Map 10.3.1, Erdas Imagine 9.2, eCognition Developer 64. After performing different analysis the major losses have been observed which are shown in table 1to4 and further highlighted in Figure 5a to 8g.

Since June 2022, many countries from Africa to Asia and Australia to Europe are affected by flash floods. Climate change induced floods in Pakistan have affected about 33 million people requiring assistance amounting to USD $160.3. The situation is further exacerbated by the imminent food insecurity crisis. We show through the analysis of satellite images that in total 78% (3.9 Mha) of the culturable land is affected. Major crops in the current wet season of Sindh province have been inundated including rice (98% flooded), followed by the cotton and sugarcane areas (81% and 71% flooded respectively). Further, about 86% of wheat growing areas will not be available for cultivation in this winter season. Information extracted from the satellite imagery can be used by policymakers to direct resources to assist in the recovery and rehabilitation of agricultural systems destroyed by the floods.

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2014

The present study focuses on the unprecedented flood situation captured through multi-temporal satellite images, witnessed along the Ganga River in Uttar Pradesh during September 2010. At three gauge stations (Kannauj, Ankinghat and Kanpur), river water level exceeded the previous high-flood level attained by river more than a decade ago. The present communication with the aid of preand post-flood satellite images, coupled with hydrological (river water level) and meteorological (rainfall) data, explains about the unprecedented flood situation. In the latter part of the study, a novel and cost-effective method for building a library of flood inundation extents based on historical satellite data analysis and tagging the inundation layer with observed water level is demonstrated. During flood season, based on the forecasted water level, the library can be accessed to fetch the spatial inundation layer corresponding to the forecasted stage and anticipate in advance, likely spatial inundation pattern and submergence of villages and hence in alerting the habitation at risk. This method can be helpful in anticipating the areas to be affected in situations where satellite images cannot be effectively utilized due to cloud cover and also for providing information about the areas being partially covered in satellite data.

Water science and technology library, 2022

Flood is a natural havoc faced in many parts of India. The districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh falling under the Rapti river basin are most vulnerable to and severely affected by flood. Assessment of flood inundation and flood water stagnation has been conducted for a decade from 2008 to 2018 by using satellite datasets. Vulnerability analysis for flood-affected areas is based on the RADARSAT data available during monsoon season. The Synthetic Aperture Radar dataset has been used together with the hydrological data for estimating the period of stagnation, recurrence of flood hazards, and flood inundation. The changes in frequency of floods and its severity and the spatial extent of flood-affected areas from 2008 to 2018 have been determined from the analysis of the organized flood hazard database with spatial extent in GIS. Among the 14 districts of Rapti River basin, seven are found to be most vulnerable and heavily affected by the flood hazard viz. Gorakhpur, Shravasti, Maharajganj, Balrampur, Siddharthnagar, Deoria and Sant Kabir Nagar. Spatial intersection technique has been implemented in GIS to determine the stagnated flood water areas.

While historically significant for ancient civilizations, the Indus basin is also known for its floods and complex anthropogenic management history. Resulting from years of modifications by the pre-British era Mughal rulers followed by the post-partition division of river waters among the two neighbors, India and Pakistan, Pakistan faces severe management and financial challenges of water management. This study investigates the intricacies arising from this complicated management doctrine for the lower Indus basin. A detailed remote sensing-based analysis of the significant floods to hit the lower Indus basin since 2000 has been provided. Flood years were identified, and Moderate Resolution Imaging

Natural disasters drastically affect the Earth's inhabitants, causes loss of life, injuries, and damage or loss of valuable goods, such as buildings, communication systems, agricultural lands, forests, and natural environments. The economic losses resulting from natural disasters have shown an increase of scale as society undergoes globalization. There is no doubt that natural disasters need to minimize any possible risks. This makes it necessary to collect appropriate data through the monitoring process. In conformity with selected method and methodology, one must determine what kind of information is required for vital success in managing natural disasters and their consequences. Satellite data accessed by Remote Sensing is an excellent tool for natural disaster management purposes. Up to date technology achievements in space science and technology are making it possible to use a large number of multi-temporal spatial data for prevent, preparedness, and forecasting of natural disasters after appropriate data processing stages. During the last decades, the Remote Sensing method has become the best operational instrument for disaster preparedness and warning phases, including the disaster of floods. Using data from the Remote Sensing method is not possible without a proper tool to handle the large amount of data and combine it with data from different sources, such as maps, measurement stations, or field data. Therefore, Remote Sensing applications integrated into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become increasingly important for disaster management processes. This paper is dedicated to build up a geodatabase for natural disaster management, mainly focusing on river flood impact, using Remote Sensing data and GIS. For this reason, a digital map of the selected Salyan plain area has been developed. The map development was very important due to the lack of such information before the study. This circumstance eliminates further implementations concerning the assessment of ecological, environmental, and other related aspects. For this purpose, the current stage has provided vectorisation of the boundaries of the area. The paper describes of method of approach in boundary definition and identification. This was achieved with the use of ArcGIS software within the data processing of space images, with further development of GIS technology. The use of indicated data processing has made possible to classify bounders with high accuracy. In conformity with methods for space image processing with GIS performance, maps have been developed that are integrated into classes of flood, hydrological points, 3D, and the Digital Elevation Model of the area.

India is considered to be a countI)' affected by recurring floods with devastating dimensions exposing the national economy to tile hands of nature. A good way to prevent/reduce damages that oCCLU due to floods is to preparc flood zone maps using Remote sensing data and GIS. This exercise is an attempt to fulfill such a requirement by the use of GIS, to provide spatial infonnation for analysis of flood vulnerability and management. An attempt has been made to prepare a map of an area measuring about 10,682 sq km showing flood risk zo nes with tile help of remote sensing data.

Journal of Geographic Information System, 2015

Flood is one of a kind of disasters which harms human and animal life around the globe. Pakistan has been observing massive floods for many years because of daily and seasonal variation in the temperature levels. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton are major crops cultivated in Punjab region of Pakistan in which rice and sugarcane are mostly effected by floods. In this research paper, damage assessment of cultivated land in district Hafizabad along Chenab River has been calculated. Supervised Classification and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) methods are applied. Pre-flood 2014, post-flood 2014, and pre-flood 2015 Landsat 8 images have been used to calculate the extent of damages to cultivated lands. Water, sand, silt, bare soil and vegetation are classified to identify damage. Results show that vegetation cover has plummeted to 50% after the arrival of flood 2014 in the Chenab. Similarly, 6.7047% of sand and 15.7339% of bare soil deposits have surfaced which have not yet been removed from fertile lands in 2015. 18.4376% standing crop damage has been analyzed under this study. 14.0245% silt deposits have been calculated as post-flood effects. 46.4260% land has been cultivated in 2015 which is 15.5024% lower than 2014 cultivated land. Furthermore, field verification survey has given promising results and has a great correlation with satellite based recovery results.

Journal of the Indian …, 2006