Human Computer Interface

defined Artificial Intelligence (AI) as both "the science and engineering of intelligent machines, especially computer programs" and the "computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world." Today, AI is increasingly deployed across many domains of direct societal relevance, such as transportation, retail, criminal justice, finance, and health. But these very domains that AI is aiming to revolutionize may also be where human implications are the most momentous. The potential negative effects of AI on society, whether amplifying human biases or the perils of automation, cannot be ignored, and as a result, such topics are increasingly discussed in scholarly and popular press contexts. As the New York Times notes: "… if we want [AI] to play a positive role in tomorrow's world, it must be guided by human concerns" (Li, 2018). The relationship between technology and humans is the direct focus of human-computer interaction (HCI) research. However, conversations about the relationship between HCI and AI are not new. For the past 20 years, the HCI community has proposed principles, guidelines, and strategies for designing and interacting with user interfaces that employ or are powered by AI in a general sense (Norman, 1994; Ho¨o¨k, 2000). For example, an early discussion by Shneiderman and Maes (1997) challenged whether AI should be a primary metaphor in the human interface to computers: Should interactions between a human and a computer mimic human-human interaction? Or are there practical or even philosophical objections to assigning human attributes and abilities to computers? Putting aside these fundamental questions about what human-AI interactions might look like, Norman (2014) and Ho¨O¨(2000) adopt a more practical approach to designing AI systems. They recommend building in safeguards like verification steps or regulating users' agency so as to prevent unwanted behaviors or undesirable consequences arising from these systems. More broadly, other HCI researchers have contrasted the differences in approaches and philosophies adopted by HCI and AI researchers, particularly around how we understand people and create technologies for their benefit (Winograd, 2006). Grudin (2009) also described alternating cycles in which one approach flourished, while the other suffered a "winter," characterized by a period of reduced funding, accompanied by low academic and popular interest. Building upon Grudin, Winograd (2006) contrasted the strengths and limitations of each, as well as the relevance of rationalistic versus design approaches offered by AI and HCI, respectively, when applied to "messy" human problems. Winograd's overall conclusion was rather surprising: he conjectured that the two fields are not so distinct. He concluded that their philosophies are both rooted in common attempts to push the computer metaphor onto all of reality, as evidenced in most twentieth-century science and technology research. Formative and notable work by Horvitz (1999) also attempted to reconcile many of the seeming differences between HCI and AI by highlighting key challenges and opportunities for building "mixed-initiative user interfaces." These are interfaces that enable users and AI to collaborate efficiently. Horvitz states principles for balancing autonomous CONTACT David A.

2008

We are fortunate to be alive at a time when research and invention in the computing domain flourishes, and many industrial, government and research institutions are aggressively funding creative research in the field of HCI. There exists today a deep level of understanding that HCI is a multidisciplinary field, incorporating research and theories from Computer Science, Psychology, Anthropology, Education, Design, Engineering, Math and even Physics. Partly driven by a flourishing economy and certainly aided by a relatively stable global political situation, much innovation has occurred in HCI since the last edited volume on this topic. In particular, our understanding of how our knowledge about the user, the user's context and culture all fit together to determine optimal performance and satisfaction during HCI tasks has grown immensely. Rapid advancements in our understanding of the laws governing input devices (e.g.,

1996

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication.

Annual Review of Psychology, 2003

s Abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field in which psychology and other social sciences unite with computer science and related technical fields with the goal of making computing systems that are both useful and usable. It is a blend of applied and basic research, both drawing from psychological research and contributing new ideas to it. New technologies continuously challenge HCI researchers with new options, as do the demands of new audiences and uses.

This paper investigates the scientific work within the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) with focus on cognitive aspects. We discuss the overall structure of the field, research methods and some influencing theories and concepts related to cognition. Moreover, we survey the research methods used in HCI literature dealing with cognition related concepts. The results indicate that empirical and non-empirical work is almost evenly emphasized and that most of the empirical research has been experimental.

Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. It is concerned with the joint performance of tasks by humans and machines; Cognition is the processing of information from the world around us. It includes perception, attention, pattern matching, memory, language processing, decision making, and problem solving. Cognitive load is the amount of mental resources needed to perform a given task.

African Journal of Information and Communication …, 2006

Abstract— One of the major challenges in the emerging interdisciplinary field of human-computer interaction (HCI) is the specification of a research line that can enable the development of validated design knowledge with a predictive power for the design of interactive systems. Based on ...

Systems that are designed better are used better. Even the fastest and most powerful systems are of no use until people understand them and use with ease.HCI plays a vital role in understanding the need of users and designing the user interfaces in accordance with the user requirements. Since there is an alarming increase in internet and World Wide Web users, it is important that usable and useful systems are built so that even the new users without prior knowledge of computers too can use it with ease and are able to benefit from the information that is now available. This paper is an attempt to bring forward the need of good user interface designs and implementation with HCI principles that offer solutions to build better and improved interfaces that are more natural to use and simple to adapt than the existing interfaces.

… Engineering Education and …, 2001

Most software engineering approaches restrict the user interface to everything a user may perceive or experience. As a result, it is often designed rather independently of the system's functionality. Chances are then that it does not get the attention it deserves. In the approach to software development we sketch, the design of the user interface and the design of the functionality go hand in hand. We give a number of examples of user interface problems, and illustrate how these can be caught early if a more integrated approach is taken. We conclude with an outline of a minimal course on human-computer interaction that we feel should be part of everyone's software engineering curriculum.

Computer Science Education, 2003

Most software development approaches and curricular guidelines seem to ignore the fact that in many software systems the user interface is a decisive factor for product quality. As a result, it is often designed rather independently of the system's functionality. Chances are then that it does not get the attention it deserves. In the approach to software development we sketch, the design of the user interface and the design of the functionality go hand in hand. We give a number of examples of user interface problems, and illustrate how these can be caught early if a more integrated approach is taken. We conclude with an outline of a minimal course on human-computer interaction that we feel should be part of everyone's software engineering or computer science curriculum.

When looking out across the intellectual landscape of HCI, how do we make sense of it? More impor- tantly, how do we evaluate what constitutes legitimate investigation? As an interdisciplinary field, HCI faces challenges in incorporating sometimes conflicting intellectual approaches. While new approaches enrich our view of interaction, they can also lead to conflicting notions of methodology and validity, whose resolution remains murky without explicit discussion of their underlying epistemological commit- ments. Informal histories of HCI commonly identify two major intellectual waves that have formed the field: the first orienting from engineering and human factors with its focus on optimizing man-machine fit, and the second stemming from cognitive science, with an increased emphasis on theory and on what is happening not only in the computer but, simultaneously, in the human mind. HCI also draws on a wide variety of apparently disparate approaches, such as participatory design, si...

Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction changing roles - NordiCHI '06, 2006

The focus of the research in human-computer interaction (HCI) continues to expand. One example of this is the growing interest in national and ethnic culture as a research topic. In this review, we examine the emerging field of cultural HCI by systematically analysing culture-related literature from five major HCI forums and past sixteen years. We focus on research methodology, technologies and cultures covered, theoretical underpinnings and referencing practices. We also discuss problems found on the basis of the review and provide perspectives on the future research into cultural issues.

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

We review HCI history from both the perspective of its 1980s split with human factors and its nature as a discipline. We then revisit human augmentation as an alternative to user friendliness that seems particularly relevant in the areas of inclusive design and artificial intelligence. Viewing human-AI interaction as a kind of human augmentation raises issues such as how to promote trust and situation awareness. We also pose the question: Can HCI and human factors engineering work together to solve the increasingly urgent challenges of human-AI technology? In an initial look at this question, we contrast the different approaches of HCI and human factors on emerging AI research. This paper concludes by considering other potentially promising paths for HCI. We propose more collaboration between HCI and human factors, or related disciplines, in the future to address the massive challenges posed by the rapid growth in data science and artificial intelligence.

This paper discusses the research that has been done in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) relating to human psychology. A brief overview of HCI is presented. Specific examples of research in the areas of icons and menus are then reviewed. The results of these experiments and the predictions they make about general human psychology and specific human interaction with computers is discussed. Mental models of user interface interaction are discussed and compared to mental models of real world object. Finally, future directions for research are proposed.