Violence As A Social Fact

In this compelling and timely book, Larry Ray offers a wide-ranging and integrated account of the many manifestations of violence in society. He examines violent behaviour and its meanings in contemporary culture and throughout history. Introducing the major theoretical debates, the book examines different levels of violence - interpersonal, institutional and collective - and different forms of violence - such as racist crime, homophobic crime and genocide. It provides readers with a succinct and comprehensive overview of its nature and effects, and the solutions and conflict resolutions involved in responses to violence. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the text draws on evidence from sociology, criminology, primate studies and archaeology to shed light on arguments about the social construction and innate nature of violence. Engaging, wide-reaching and authorative, this is essential reading for students, academics and researchers in sociology, criminology, social pyschology and cultural studies.

Ethics, 1970

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2021

After cited several types of violence in part I, they do not have the same significance, neither the same meaning nor the same geopolitical scale. Maybe, specificity of political violence consists of its occurrence when relations are no longer conceivable or negotiable not even institutionalized or instituted, in other words, when symbolization fails and public spaces where violence could be debated don't exist or are fragmentary or unbalanced.

All societies must deal with the possibility of violence, and they do so in different ways. This book integrates the problem of violence into a larger social science and historical framework, showing how economic and political behavior are closely linked. Most societies, which we call natural states, limit violence by political manipulation of the economy to create privileged interests. These privileges limit the use of violence by powerful individuals, but doing so hinders both economic and political development. In contrast, modern societies create open access to economic and political organizations, fostering political and economic competition. The book provides a framework for understanding the two types of social orders, why open access societies are both politically and economically more developed, and how some twentyfive countries have made the transition between the two types.

2021

Norms of Violence: Violent Socialization Processes and the Spillover Effect for Youth Crime explores the degree to which violent socialization processes, both at the macro-and micro-levels, are associated with youth criminal behavior. Based on a quantitative test of an integrated theory of social control and culture of violence, the author argues that violent socialization is a process involving physical violence, exposure to violence, and pro-violent communications. All three dimensions, in combination with national-level indicators of violence, contribute to a norm of violence which, at a national level, spills over into other dimensions of society, including the family environment. This book seeks to answer if violent socialization processes truly control youth behavior. Various quantitative methods are used to demonstrate how violent socialization tends to be more prevalent in nations with indicators of violence compared to nations without such indicators. The spilling over of violence into socialization processes creates a context of violence normalized as a form of social control, which exacerbates youth criminal behavior within pro-violent nations. This book is unique in propelling a more thorough explanation of international youth crime by focusing on both victimization (violent socialization) and offending, rather than arguing solely that victimization is a correlate of youth crime. It provides a reference point for future comparative research offering theoretical explanations for youth crime across different nations and is essential reading for those engaged in youth and juvenile justice efforts and scholars interested in issues surrounding violence, youth, and justice.

Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict, 2008

Enemy Images Exaggerated representations of the 'other' as thoroughly diabolical, aggressive, and untrustworthy. Dehumanization The mental process of stripping away the human qualities of the other. Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to perceive the bad behavior of out-group members to bad character and to perceive the bad behavior of in-group members to situational factors. Structural Violence Indirect violence through social injustice, inequity, and failure to meet basic human needs for items such as food and shelter. Superordinate Goals Goals that lie within the interests of each group in a conflict but that can be attained only through intergroup cooperation, which reduces tensions and destructive conflict.

Politics, 2002

Interpersonal Violence. Differences and connections, 2017

International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 2014

The study sets to catagrafy the "violence" phenomenon in actual human society. The diversity of violence types, the education segments, the age segments who aggress and who are aggressed, get more and more extended. The social context is crucial for both the performance and understanding of violence. The term "senseless violence" is often heard in cases where a serious violent incident was apparently unprovoked or has emerged from "insignificant" insults or altercation. The notion of "senseless" violence is, by implication, contrasted to some other "reasonable" kind, or perhaps suggests that what we find repugnant needs to be placed beyond the bound of sense. Most people probably have a wordless conception of what is a reasonable response to offence or provocation, for example, a fatal shooting following an altercation over a parking place appears inexplicable and senseless. Still many acts of extreme violence occur in response to apparently minor incidents and violence nearly always has "sense", that is, social meaning, to both perpetrators and victims. The targets of violence are rarely chosen randomly and the victims and perpetrators are frequently already known to each other. In some cases the attribution "senseless" refers to an assumed mental illness or other pathology that might account for otherwise incomprehensible behavior. Human society registered besides direct violence: war, murder, rape, assault, verbal attacks, that is the kind that we physically perceive, another two invisible forms and can"t be eliminated without eliminating them, cultural violence and structural violence. Direct violence has its roots in cultural and structural violence; then it feeds back and strengthens them. All three forms interact as a triad. Direct violence reinforces structural and cultural violence. We are trapped in a vicious cycle that is now threatening to destroy life on earth.

Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2019

His research interests include Relational and Lacanian psychoanalysis, functional neuroimaging of language and coverbal gesture. He is the author of two Hebrew books on psychoanalytic psychotherapy. His third book, Psychoanalysis and social involvement: Interpretation and action, was published in 2013 by Palgrave Macmillan.

Violence has significant impact on human health: it engenders suffering and harm, through death, disability, deprivation and through precarious livelihoods and compromised usage of health and social resources. It has significant impact on human society, bringing chaos, marginalization, and disorder in its wake but also resistance, resilience, and domination. Without doubt, violence poses a threat to human rights and to physical, emotional, and social wellbeing. There are, however, many different layers of violence that engender harm. Anthropologists raise important questions regarding which dimensions of violence are most salient in people's lives and which are structurally condoned and reproduced, as well as questions regarding how people articulate their suffering, negotiate conflict, manifest resilience, and strive for peace.

2016

Violence is a destructive force whether physical or emotional. According to free Merriam Webster dictionary "violence is an exertion of force to inflict pain, injure or abuse another person." Thus control of behavior through aggression, force and intimidation that cause suffering in others is violence. There are many different forms of violence including domestic violence, emotional abuse, psychological abuse, verbal abuse and physical violence. Violence is prevalent in almost every society. Violence is so deeply rooted in human psychology that it is used as a form of entertainment in many cultures and societies. Watching Violence is a popular form of entertainment. A crowd of onlookers enjoy street fighting just as Romans use to enjoy Gladiator. Wrestling is a popular spectator sport not only in the United States but in many countries in the Middle East. (Richard B.Felson, P-103) MASS MEDIA EFFECT ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR Movies such as "Fight Club" provide insight to the psychology of violence and aggressive human behavior, where street fights are a form of entertainment, bonding experience and development of mass psychology. IF Violence is destructive only when it causes harm to other human beings or inflicts pain. The question arises whether exposure to violence has an effect on the incidence of violence or increase in violent crimes. The process of imitating violence is emphasized by social learning theory-a well established approach in social psychology (Bandura, 1983).Other studies include non-violent behavior which do not involve any intent to do harm. Crimes