Comparison of the two basic chronological systems used for the La Téne period in western and central Europe. In details, the chronological limits of phases and subphases vary according to individual authors and geographical areas. found in the Celtic territories, and the relative abundance of swords, in comparison with any of the preceding periods, is significant. Production of the long blade of an iron sword involves great skill on the part of the maker, and metallographic examination of these weapons may be expected to yield interesting results, contributing to our general understanding of the development of the European blacksmith’s craft. Fig. 2. Hallstatt and La Téne period iron swords and daggers Fig. 4. Hallstatt, Austria. Celtic horseman armed with sword and spear from an ornamented scabbard (grave 994) Fig. 5. Examples of types of blade-shouldering which contributed to the form of the hilt. gravity towards the point, creating a rather Gothic silhouette. While we do not need to set out the classification of La Téne blade forms, we may note that the average length of the European and British swords is 72 cm (including hilt) within a range of 55 up to 95 cm. Late swords, such as examples from La Téne itself, and Port, often reach lengths in the range of 105-130 cm. Stead (1983) has offered a basic chronology of Celtic swords from Champagne in France, based on the ratios of length to width of the blades. Fig. 8. Experimental forging of La Téne type sword-blades (1982) Fig. 9. Geographical distribution of investigated Celtic swords described in this study TABLE 8. Chemical analyses of the La Téne period iron swords investigated in Czechoslovakia showing that the carbon content must originally have been considerable). Micro- hardness. Very fine lamellar pearlite in one edge, 450-536, at the other edge c.250, in the centre of the section 200-250 mHV (30 g load). Chemical analysis. Mn 0.023%, Cu 0.079% (high), P 0.083% (moderate), Ni 0.069% (high). Inter- pretation. The swordsmith welded together three flat, heterogeneously-carburized bars to form the blade. The weld-seams run slightly obliquely to the transverse axis of the blade. The metal at the edges of the sword is harder than the rest of the blade. One edge was more rapidly cooled than the other (accidental or intentional?), leading to an elevated hardness. The smith has produced a weapon of higher than average quality. Pl. 11, Fig. 17.10. Pleiner 1987. Fig. 10. Schematic representation of cross-sections of the blades from Tuchomysl, Bohemia Fig. 11. Zemplin, E. Slovakia, sword specimen 510 = transverse section of the blade. Non-metallic inclusions. The level of impurity in the hilt-tang is low, while that of the blade is somewhat higher; there is a crack above the central axis of the body of the blade. Microstructure. The structure of the blade is entirely ferritic, grain-size 4-5. Nitride needles occur within the ferrite grains, presumably due to the slow rate of cooling after the cremation rite. The structure of the hilt is also ferritic (grain-size 3) but with some intercrystalline pearlite grains. There is an area of heavily deformed ferrite grains near the surface. The scabbard (specimen no. 6) was of a very pure ferritic wrought-iron sheet, which was reinforced by welding twin strips of steel wire on both inner and outer surfaces. The structure of the wires is predominantly fine pearlite, with some carbon having diffused into the sheet across the weld-seams, which are marked by globular inclusions. Microhardness. Blade edge 133 mHV, body 119-125 mHV, deformed ferrite of hilt 180-185 mHV, pearlite 270 mHV; ferrite of scabbard 147-175 mHV 50 g. Chemical analysis. Mn and P approaching 0.01%, Cr, Al, Ag traces. Interpretation. The blade was made of soft wrought iron is of extremely low quality; cold hammering was used in finishing the hilt-tang. The sophisticated construction of the scabbard with its welded-on steel wire reinforcements is in marked contrast to that of the sword it contained. Pleiner 1962, 75-7, pl. xi. 2 v4 rer na azreyr warrani ri ae a gs ee ae . ee rd i ee am - _ ener Seah Menten eat ie MRREAD re Pearrer TT a. <> re <> Sas The degree of understanding of the basic quality and structure of a sword which we can achieve is determined by the site of a sample.» Among the swords in this sample where sections cover the whole of the cross-section, we find that 59.7 per cent had at least one medium or hard steel edge, a surprisingly large proportion. However, among those swords where the section covered only one cutting-edge, the proportion falls to 40.7 per cent. Steel components in the core occur in 27.3 per cent of cases examined in full cross-section. This means that a number of Celtic swords have an asymmetric constructional scheme, with only one cutting-edge being of steel. Furthermore, if steel is present at least in one edge, it extends to the core. We should not expect to find a large number of welded-on or surface- carburized steel cutting-edges. The sample included in this survey is not to be considered as of sufficient statistical reliability to act as the basis for a general scheme of classification of the construction techniques of Celtic swords. However, each set of investigations conducted by researchers can suggest some groupings (e.g. Reggiori and Carino 1955, 53-4; Schulz and Pleiner 1965, 45-9; Emmerling 1968, 180-2; McGrath 1968b, 422, fig. 6). In drawing up a classification of the swords included in our sample, we decided to concentrate on three characteristics: first, the presence or absence of steel in cutting-edges; second, the ways in which steel cutting-edges were made (by simple carburization, by welding together carburized strips, by welding together alternating strips of steel and wrought iron, by welding steel shells around an iron core, etc.); and third, the ways in which the bodies of the blades were constructed. Fig. 14. Selected examples of wrought-iron or mild steel blade-constructions. Fig. 18. Intrepretation of some one-sided blade-constructions (with steel in one cutting-edge only) For explanation of symbols see Table 9. TABLE 11. Swords examined only in the core For explanation of symbols see Table 9. Fig. 19. Ritual bending of Celtic swords TABLE 12. Damage on the experimental swords after simulated cuts surfaces (such as those of a shield) were struck, and no notches were produced. The sort of doubling-over which Plutarch claimed was not observed, and indeed from our tests seems quite unimaginable. We used a 1 mm thick iron sheet for this test, and found that while the swords did not penetrate it, the blows made deep depressions which, had it been the metal of an opponent’s helmet, would presumably have caused him injury (cf. Dent 1983). et he OB Longer and more energetic combat could well have resulted in the destruction of the cutting-edges, similar to that attested in the positions to be expected on swords from bog deposits. This, however, still leaves unresolved the questions surrounding the ritual destruction of weapons. Despite Polybius’ assertions, it is probably that a warrior armed with a simple mild steel sword of La Téne type would have been able to deliver more than one good cutting stroke, and that he would have been able to continue to fight even though the edges of his sword would have become indented and after a time seriously damaged. I. Experimental forging of La Téne type sword-blades. Left: Bar of the ‘saumon d’épée’ type (after an original in Landesmuseum Zurich, found at Port, Switzerland), Centre: Sword A with flat blade (lenticular cross-section). Right: Sword B with central rib (lozenge-shaped cross-section). The hilts shown are not intended as reconstructions III. Jenisuv Ujezd 586, examination 2. 1 Blade in its scabbard, frontal side, with specimen position marked; 2 Cross-section, etched with Oberhoffer: both dark side-shells are rich in phosporus (x10); 3 Microhardness 30 g: central bar in solid line, side-shells hatched and dotted; 4 Cross-section composed from microphotographs (19): the fine ferritic central zone is distinguished from both coarse ferritic shells; 5 Detail of microstructure, as in 4, (x 100); 6 Neumann bands in the right shell, etched with 2%- Nital (x 200) V. Makotrasy 588, examination 7. 1 Blade, with specimen positions marked; 2 Cross-section, etched with Oberhoffer; phosporus segregations appear dark (6); 3 Cross-section, etched with 5%-Nital: carbon enriched areas are lighter; 4 Microhardness 30 g: solid line = pearlitic areas, hatched line = those with ferrite as major component; 5 Specimen b: dark pearlitic area left at the surface of the cut- ting-edge (x100); 6 Specimen 5b: light ferrite and transition to a fine ferrite-and-pearlite structure. (X100); 7 Specimen a: fine ferrite-and-pearlite grains. 5—7 etched with 2%-Nital VI. Makotiasy 588, cutting-edge 6), examination 7. 1 The specimen as composed from microphoto- graphs (etched with 2%-Nital): dark pearlitic area and transition to ferritic-and-pearlitic and ferritic structures in the core (x13); 2 Microhardness 30 g: solid line = pearlite, hatched line = softer struc- tures with prevailing ferrite; 3-5 Structures with varying grain size and different proportion of pearlite (dark) and ferrite (white) (3 and 5 x 150, 4 x 100). Etched with 2%-Nital VII. Tuchomysl 613, NW Bohemia, examination 3. 1 Blade, with adhering scabbard fragments in the upper part, specimen positions marked; 2 Specimen a, composed from microphotographs: welded-on steel cutting-edge, dark: fine pearlite (x16); 3 Specimen a,, composed from microphotographs: steel cutting-edge consisting of pearlite and white ferrite cells (x25); 4 Fine pearlite, detail of 2 (x75); 5 Detail of 3(x100). Etched with 2%-Nital. See also Fig 10.1 VIII. Tuchomysl 614, examination 4. 1 Blade, with specimen position marked; 2 Transverse section composed from specimens a (above), and b (below), etched with Oberhoffcr: darker stripes are enriched with phosphorus (x3); 3 The same, specimen b,; 4 Microhardness 30 g: solid linc = pearlitic arca, hatched and dotted lines = ferritic areas; 5 Specimen a, corc: welding-seam in a ferritic structure (X100); 6 Specimen b: transition from ferrite into pearlite (dark, x150); 7 Specimen b;: transition of fine ferritic-pearlitic structure into pearlite with coarser grain. 5-7 etched with 2%-Nital IX. Tuchomyél 615, examination 5, parts of cross-sections, composed from microphotographs. 1 Specimen al: cutting-edge, ferritic; 2-3 the same, far fromthe edge; 4Specimen a 2: asteel (dark) and wrought-iron band welded together near the cutting-edge; 5 Specimen a2, edge: an iron and steel band joint by welding (a poor weld), leaving the cutting-edge ferritic. Enlargements: 1, 4 x50; 2-3, 5 x20. Etched with 2%-Nital X. Tuchomysl 615, examination5. 1 Blade, with specimen positions marked; 2 Cross-section consist- ing of specimens a, (above), and a2 (below), etched with Oberhoffer: dark bands are enriched with phosphorus (x6); 3 The same, etched with 5%-Nital: light zones are carburized; 4 Cutting-edge ay, composed from microphotographs (etched with 2%-Nital; x24): pearlitic steel (dark), welded on to wrought-iron ferritic body; 5 Specimen a: pearlite (dark) with thin ferritic cells (etched with 2%-Nital; x150). See also Fig. 10.2 XI. Tfebohostice 178, S. Bohemia, examination 8. 1 Blade with specimen position marked; 2 Trans- versal section, composed from microphotographs, X23; 3 Microhardness 30 g; 4—5 Ferritic structures with intergranular pearlite in various parts of the section; 6 a wedge-shaped weld; 7 Adherent thin layer of a copper-based metal (on left). Etched with 2%-Nital. Magnifications: 4 and 7 (x 100); 5 and 6 (x 150) XIX. Holubice 597, examination 15. 1 Blade, with specimen positions marked: (a) right, a, left, b top left); 2 Microhardness 30 g through the centre of the cross-section: hatched lines = areas with more pearlite, solid lines = ferritic parts; 3 Cutting-edge as in a), composed from microphotographs: the ferritic-and-pearlitic part left, and coarse grains of ferrite at the right side (x15); 4 Cutting-edge as in b: ferritic areas replace in various spots the ferritic-and-pearlitic mixed structures, leaving the edge soft (x15). Etched with 2%-Nital. For microphotographs see Pl. XVIII. 4-5. XXVIII. Holubice 606, examination 24. 1. Blade, with specimen positions marked (a, right, a> left); 2 Both specimens (a, above), etched with 5%-Nital, (inversed views, x5); 3 Microhardness, 30 g: solid line = pearlitic areas, hatched line = zones with prevailing ferrite; 4-5 Specimen a): transitions from pearlitic areas (dark) into ferritic-and-pearlitic structures (x 100); 6 The cutting-edge in the same speci- men: pearlite with ferritic cells (<100). 4-6 etched with 2%-Nital XXIX. Holubice 606, cutting-edge a,, composed from microphotographs: a pearlitic steel band (dark), joint with wrought iron by welding (x26). Etched with 2%-Nital XXX. Zemplin 510, Slovakia, examination 27. 1 Ritually bent blade (parts of openwork bronze scab- bard removed); 2 Detail of the blade with traces of stamped letters (V)TILICI (2.5) XXXI. Zemplin 510. 1 Specimen a, composed from microphotographs (X20): ferritic-and-pearlitic steel, weld-seams; 2 Specimen b: pearlitic structure (dark) with ferritic cells and needles (x30). Etched with 2%-Nital XXXII. Zemplin 510. 1-3 Specimen a: ferrite and ferrite with intergranular pearlite (1, 2 x100, 3 x75); 4-6 Specimen b: 4 pearlite with ferritic cells and needles, at right a decarburized ferritic surface layer (X 150); 5-6 lamellar pearlite (dark) with ferrite grains and cells (5 150, 6 100). Etched with 2% -Nital . XXXIIL. La Téne 199, Switzerland, examination37. 1 Blade fragment, with the specimen position; 2 Transverse section eched with Heyn: the grey area is carbon-rich, the darker zone carbon-poor (x4); 2 Microhardness 30 g; 4 Two halves of the transversal section, composed from microphotographs: the thick end is pearlitic-and-ferritic with differing pearlite grain size, carbon-rich structure being cumulated in the core; the thin edge is ferritic (x13). Etched with 2%-Nital. For microstructures see Pl. xxxIv. XXXIV. La Téne 199, microstructures. 1-2 Cutting-edge: fine pearlitic-and-ferritic mixture with areas of coarse pearlitic grains (dark); 3 Core: similar structure to the edge: 4 The same in detail: dark pearlitic grains with ferritic cells and needles, merging into the acicular Widmannstatten texture, 5 Transition to the opposite cutting-edge: ferrite with some dark intercrystalline pearlite; 6 Nearer to the edge-line: ferrite. Etched with 2%-Nital. Magnifications: 1-2, 5-6 x 100; 3 x75; 4 x 150 XXXVI. Kildrinagh 1, Ireland, examination 91. (a) Sword x’/s; (6) Macrostructure; (c) Pearlite showing spheroidization of carbides x 500; (d) Remains of bloom welds x50; (e) HV profile. Etched 4%-Nital. (After Scott 1990.)
Brief summaries of publicly available information March - October 2018. This document covers ongoing project work (research, methods, data, etc.) from March 2017- onwards: Project 1. “Malingering” its use in Swedish psychiatry, psychology and the far right”. Project 2: Micro aggression and social exclusion in data-driven lives. This work has been carried out unpaid and involves rapid appraisals of information that are relevant to Project 1 and 2, already available to the public, which is then presented under different themes. The documents are made available to the public through the following websites Researchgate.net, Academia.edu, Mendeley.com, LinkedIn and Orchid, with or without DOI’s).
In this presentation, we review spatial modeling techniques used to assess the ecological condition of streams in the eastern US. Spatial interpolation techniques that incorporate ancillary information in the covariance structure and use Bayesian techniques to account for covariance parameter uncertainty are described.
Academy schools have now been part of the educational landscape in England for nearly two decades. Originally introduced by the New Labour government (from 1997 – 2010) in 2000, and significantly expanded and evolved by the Conservative-led Coalition government (from 2010 – 2015) in 2010, this school model has consistently adhered to Neoliberal governmentality and rhetoric, and has promised to raise educational standards and reduce the achievement gap between the most and least disadvantaged pupils. However, over the years, a growing body of contradictory evidence has fuelled major criticism and uncertainty surrounding academies and their complex relationship(s) with achievement, autonomy, accountability and collaboration. This was the focus of this paper, to delve into these debates, and review, analyse and critique the past and current evidence on the Coalition Academy Programme, ultimately questioning its success or failure in addressing the social class achievement gap. By critiquing the growing evidence surrounding the Coalition ‘converter’ academy model (through the sociological lenses of Functionalistic, Marxist and Social and Cultural Reproduction Theory), it was found that this Academy Programme was and is being used by the Coalition (and the current Conservative) government as a functionalistic and exploitative medium for legitimising and reproducing social and educational inequality, which poses the greater risks of increased academy school selective practices, the further social segregation and exclusion of disadvantaged pupils and a continuation of the gaps in achievement between advantaged and disadvantaged pupils. However, by critiquing other conflicting evidence surrounding the Coalition ‘sponsored’ academy model and academy chains (through the different interpretations and counter-arguments of other traditional and more contemporary researchers), it was found that working class parents themselves contribute to this social segregation, and that even though this academy policy is founded upon Neoliberal principles, they are employed through ‘quasi-markets’ and seemingly democratic rhetoric, which differs from the traditional educational markets. Policy which promises the development of the ‘self-improving school system’, increased cooperation and collaboration between schools, and a realistic and sustainable solution to the social class achievement gap.
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of an extensive range of ailments from ancient days. The booming popularity of CAM among people all over the world had influenced this research evaluating the knowledge and attitude of the medical students in UniKL RCMP. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the first three years of medical students in UniKL-RCMP using questionnaires designed to assess their knowledge and attitude towards CAM therapies in Malaysia. Results: UniKL RCMP medical students possessed high knowledge on massage, acupuncture and homeopathy compared to other assessed CAM therapies. Overall, the students had the positive attitude towards CAM modalities. Conclusion: Integration of CAM in medical curriculum will be a measure to increase the knowledge and gain positive attitude towards CAM among medical students as the country is looking forward to the integration of CAM with conventional medicine in the health care system.
Objective: to analyze the knowledge produced on adherence to arterial hypertension treatment in the primary health care context. Method: an integrative literature review was undertaken, using the electronic databases LILACS, MEDLINE and EMBASE, with a view to answering the guiding question <<What evidence exists in the literature about the adherence to arterial hypertension treatment in the primary health care context? >> Results: 32 articles were selected, mainly studies produced in the United States, published in 2012, randomized clinical trials, and mainly studies aimed at analyzing the impact of health education actions on adherence. Conclusion: a gap needs to be completed regarding the need for research on arterial hypertension treatment adherence among primary health care patients, showing health education as an important tool in treatment adherence
CPSA Comité Pour la Sidérurgie Ancienne
