5 CROSS-CULTURAL DIVERSITY

2012

Table of Contents (preliminary) Preface by Evgeny V. Koposov A word of thanks Introduction Chapter 1: Managing time or timing management? by Geert Hofstede Chapter 2: Temporal orientation across the East-West divide: A comparative study involving Russia, Germany, Australia, and the United States by Rabi S. Bhagat & Robert E. Vickrey Chapter 3: Indian perspective of time and management by Sharon Glazer & Ashwini A. Palekar Chapter 4: Time and management in Germany and Russia by Dina Khokhleva Chapter 5: Collective memory as the factor of time management by Andrey V. Dakhin Chapter 6: Perception and management of time: Perspective from India by Bharatendu N. Srivastava Chapter 7: "Yes, Sir, immediately!" Notes on time and management at the workplace in India through a German perspective by Niteen Gupte Chapter 8: Perception of TIMES and management: One aspect of the French paradox by Annamaria Lammel Chapter 9: Time-management in modern Russian building companies by Roman Mi...

2020

This study examines the relationship between polytasking and human values, at the individual level of analysis, across three groups from two culturally distinct countries (India and USA). Both archival and non-archival survey data are used in a combined data collection effort consisting of 401 full-time employees working at high-tech companies. Drawing on findings from research on time management behaviors and values, it was hypothesized that correlations between personal preference for polytasking and Schwartz's (1994a) higher order values (e.g., Self-Enhancement values, Openness to Change values, Self-Transcendence values, and Conservation values) would correlate in the same direction across cultures. It was also hypothesized that the magnitude of these correlations would be variant between cultural groups. The first and second hypotheses are partially supported, and the third hypothesis was not supported. Pair-wise comparisons show that the negative correlation between Self-Transcendence values and polytasking is stronger for nonIndians in the USA instead of for Indians in the USA. Although Schwartz's (1994a) higher order values have never been evaluated in relation to behavioral-oriented preference for polytasking at the individual level (i.e., polytasking), this study shows that values might relate to polytasking preferences and culture might have a role, but its role is still inconclusive. The results also have implications for hiring criteria.

Time is an integral aspect of human life, but the experience of it is culturally dependent. In this chapter, we examine divergent temporal orientations across cultures, including pace of life, monochronicity/polychronicity, the past, present, and future orientation, the use of clock time and event time, and cultural metaphors. We review the antecedents that give rise to these dimensions including factors within a culture such as values, social structure, and language, and factors in the environment such as natural climate and social and economic conditions. Further, these dimensions exert impacts ranging from the micro level on health, job performance, negotiation, and teamwork, to the macro level on human resource management, strategic planning, and national economic development. Building on this body of research, we identify directions for future research including the integration of multiple dimensions, the impact of globalization, construct equivalency, and the neural bases of cross-cultural temporal orientations.

Applied Psychology, 2003

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Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1983

States by survey and by structured observation in order to investigate patterns of time utilization as functions of culture. The results showed similar patterns between the Japanese and the Americans with regard to the percentage of time spent working alone as opposed to working with others. Different patterns were found for the two cultures with regard to the length of activities.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Cross-cultural research documented two types of temporal culture governing the way individuals schedule tasks over time: clock-time, where individuals let an external clock dictate when tasks begin/end; and event-time, where tasks are planned relative to other tasks and individuals transition between them when they internally sense that the former task is complete. In contrast with this prior literature -that credits culture as the reason for variation in temporal norms -we show in two experiments that individuals choose clock-versus event-time as a self-regulation strategy to achieve a regulatory goal (efficiency vs. effectiveness). A third experiment shows that this strategy enhances confidence and performance on a task. Participants solved significantly more math problems when their task scheduling (clock-vs. event-time) matched their regulatory state (promotion vs. prevention). Since clock-/event-time may both lead to superior performance, clock-time is not the single best way to organize productive activities in industrial societies -a result that counters a foundational principle of modern economics.

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011

Cross-cultural research documented two types of temporal culture governing the way individuals schedule tasks over time: clock-time, where individuals let an external clock dictate when tasks begin/end; and event-time, where tasks are planned relative to other tasks and individuals transition between them when they internally sense that the former task is complete. In contrast with this prior literature -that credits culture as the reason for variation in temporal norms -we show in two experiments that individuals choose clock-versus event-time as a self-regulation strategy to achieve a regulatory goal (efficiency vs. effectiveness). A third experiment shows that this strategy enhances confidence and performance on a task. Participants solved significantly more math problems when their task scheduling (clock-vs. event-time) matched their regulatory state (promotion vs. prevention). Since clock-/event-time may both lead to superior performance, clock-time is not the single best way to organize productive activities in industrial societies -a result that counters a foundational principle of modern economics.

2002

Time orientation, is potentially an important consideration in designing task environments and user interfaces for cross-cultural audiences. Several researchers have proposed questionnaire methods to evaluate the monochronicity or polychronicity (M-P) of people, but the questions that compose these instruments vary widely from one instrument to another. In this paper, we present a few different methods to quantify M-P and present results from 181 respondents to show the differences among different countries.

Journal of Research in Personality, 2008

Trait and cultural psychology perspectives on the cross-situational consistency of behavior, and the predictive validity of traits, were tested in a daily process study in the United States (N = 68), an individualistic culture, and the Philippines (N = 80), a collectivistic culture. Participants completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and a measure of selfmonitoring, then reported their daily behaviors and associated situational contexts for approximately 30 days. Consistent with trait perspectives, the Big Five traits predicted daily behaviors in both cultures, and relative (interindividual) consistency was observed across many, although not all, situational contexts. The frequency of various Big Five behaviors varied across relevant situational contexts in both cultures and, consistent with cultural psychology perspectives, there was a tendency for Filipinos to exhibit greater situational variability than Americans. Selfmonitoring showed some ability to account for individual differences in situational variability in the American sample, but not the Filipino sample.

Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 1990

Perception of time differs across cultures. As time perception is a critical component of consumer decision making, awareness of such differences is a key to successful cross-cultural marketing. Mistakes in international marketing efforts are frequently traceable to ethnocentric cultural assumptions. No culture's perception of time is ‘right’, but there can be a tendency to impose such assumptions without cultural self-awareness. Time perception differences in four cultures are examined: Anglo, Hispanic, Eastern and Arabic. Implications for marketing efforts due to these cross-cultural differences are offred.