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Mount Vesuvius has served as a pivotal site for developing chemical theory and practice through its geological phenomena and its interplay with human activities. The research presents an analysis of how historical investigations, including works from the Académie Royale des Sciences, have contributed to our understanding of chemistry in relation to natural processes. It highlights the role of volcanic activity in advancing chemical knowledge and its implications for both scientific inquiry and practical applications.
Ambix, 2023
The materials and practices of chymical procedures have become key sources of information among science historians, opening up channels for cross-disciplinary dialogue. This is especially true with regard to material culture-based disciplines such as archaeology whose bottom-up approach offers significant contributions to the new historiography of science. Parallel to this trend, some archaeological scientists who specialise in reconstructing past technologies have begun to address questions concerning the production and circulation of scientific knowledge, and have focused as well on the contributions of artists/artisans to the development of natural philosophical theories. This essay charts the history of this archaeology of alchemy and chemistry and its development as a sub-discipline of archaeological science. By mapping this history, from an initial period with a focus on metallurgy to current trends, it demonstrates how the archaeology of alchemy and chemistry both mirrors and, at the same time, feeds the broadening scope of the historiography of science. After surveying the most relevant works and highlighting the key contributions that archaeologists have brought to a discourse related to the creation of scientific knowledge, the essay also offers a series of ideas related to materials awaiting comprehensive study that will further strengthen methodological synergies across disciplines.
2021
The present PhD thesis focuses on the study of early modern laboratory apparatus, with the specific aim of adopting a material culture-approach to the history of science and technology. This is achieved through the scientific analysis of two assemblages of crucibles and other reaction vessels, namely that of Jamestown in Virginia (early 17th century) and that of the Ashmolean laboratory in Oxford (late 17th-early 18th century). For each of these case studies the high-temperature activities carried out were reconstructed and contextualised. The analysis of the residues left by the chemical reactions, through optical microscopy and SEM-EDS, allowed to determine what substances were manipulated and what technical processes were followed. While the vast majority of the crucibles from Jamestown were used for testing minerals in search of metals of interest to the settlers, the practitioners at the Ashmolean were found to diversify their work and experiment with technological innovation of the period. As no direct relation exists between the case studies, each of them stands on its own and each brings a novel contribution to its specific historical and archaeological context However, taken together the two case studies illustrate the wider scope of this thesis by indicating the potential of a new methodological approach to the study of laboratory remains, which combines the information of archaeological science with current narratives in the historiography of early modern science. The results are used to build a materials-based network, which tells the story of scientific developments from the bottom up and throws new light on the practical side of doing science. Ultimately, this thesis crosses old disciplinary boundaries and adds new layers of interpretation to both disciplines it engages with.
A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Early Modern Age, vol. 3, 2022
showing ships at sea sailing through the Pillars of Hercules to gain knowledge through exploration and by surpassing traditional learning. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London. CC BY 2.1 Title page of an early printed book with works attributed to Geber
The Sixteenth Century Journal, 2009
A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the history of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume questions the myth of a chemical revolution. Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials - derived from minerals, plants, and animals - and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe - chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory.
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Le 15 mai 1789 commençait la longue pérégrination dans les mines d'Europe qui conduisit six naturalistes napolitains, entre aventures et mésaventures, en Hongrie, en Allemagne, en Transylvanie, en Saxe en passant par l’Irlande, l’Écosse, les Orcades, les Hébrides, les Shetland et l'Islande. Les historiens des sciences ont fait allusion à cette expédition, certains pour souligner la nouveauté de l'initiative organisée par le roi Bourbon qui voulait ainsi stimuler les industries et les manufactures du Royaume pour les pousser à l'autonomie productive, d'autres pour approfondir la production scientifique des individus qui composaient le groupe ou bien pour y retrouver l'origine de certaines collections des musées napolitains. Le voyage minéralogique de 1789, voulu par Ferdinando IV et né d’une des nombreuses “utopies” du XVIIIe siècle, reliait la recherche scientifique au développement économique du Royaume. Le gouvernement des Bourbons cherchait, par l'extraction et par la transformation des métaux, à encourager de nouvelles activités industrielles grâce à l'expérimentation de nouvelles techniques d'étude et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles du territoire. Un projet certes ambitieux, mais destiné à se heurter aux méfiances, aux jalousies personnelles, aux difficultés économiques sans parler de l'inertie bureaucratique de l'administration et des intérêts de « l’ancien » monde académique. Au cours de ce «tour européen», les six jeunes savants produisirent de véritables archives, constituées de mémoires, de rapports, de comptes et de lettres de changes qu'ils envoyaient périodiquement à Naples aux autorités dont ils dépendaient. Une partie de ces documents est aujourd'hui à la disposition des chercheurs. Par contre, d'autres documents, qui peuvent être extraits de leurs mémoires, ont disparu pendant les péripéties que les minéralogistes connurent quand l'Europe était secouée par des événements et des désordres politiques. La contribution proposée est une réflexion sur une partie des documents relatifs au voyage minéralogique. Ces documents sont riches de détails techniques, de renseignements, de récits vivants et émouvants mais relatent également les expériences et les études des six minéralogistes, et rapportent également des propositions et des projets d'amélioration que les naturalistes envoyaient périodiquement au gouvernement napolitain. Notre intention est en outre de reconstruire les fils conducteurs d’un “dialogue scientifique” - fait de rencontres, d’échanges et d'acquisition des connaissances scientifiques théoriques et pratiques – entre les contextes géographiques, historiques et culturels napolitain et européen du XVIIIe siècle. La présence dans le Royaume de Naples de personnalités aux capacités scientifiques et techniques reconnues, acquises également grâce aux rapports et aux études dans les pays européens plus avancés, est attestée et documentée dans toute l’Europe mais ces scientifiques doivent affronter la méfiance et l’hostilité avec lesquelles le monde académique et les élites gouvernementales napolitaines accueillirent les requêtes innovatrices suite au voyage européen.
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