Sex trafficking in India and proposal for change

Human Trafficking has now been one of the prime concerns in the 21st century. The trafficking involves much extent involuntariness in mobiling the people from known place to unknown place. Trafficking of women and children has become part of transnational organized crime and has been referred to as the “dark side of globalization” (Ministerial Conference Communiqué 1999, Nepal). Due to illicit nature of people trafficking, the number of women and children trafficked for commercial sex work, begging or forced labor is difficult to quantify in nature. However the national and international sources agree that the global trade has increased substantially over a decade. Recent analysis made by the United States suggests that global trafficking of women and children is an operation worth $5-7 billion annually. Estimate indicates that more than 2 million women of Indian, Bangladeshi and Nepalese origin are engaged in the commercial sex trade in India. Of these, at least 500,000 are under the age of 18 years. India has been placed on the Tier – 2 watch list of the human trafficking for the 5th consecutive year by the UN as India has failed to deal with such problem. According to its report, India is a destination, source, and transit country for men, women and children trafficked. Poverty, ethnic conflicts, child marriage, unemployment, lure of job in big cities, natural calamities, fake marriage, increasing urbanisation; lack of educational facilities; large family size, migration of labourers from rural areas to urban areas; open border, sex tourism, are some major reasons behind trafficking. This paper analysis certain setbacks in the laws and amendments regarding the prevention of immortal trafficking in India and their implementations, it also discusses issues related to why trafficking occurs? And issues regarding certain challenges and complexities faced by the government of India in dealing with such immoral trafficking, and thus to find out a reasonable solution to this problem. Moreover it gives a case study of north-eastern states, focuses on the problems regarding the trafficking of women and children from this north-eastern states and to find out the reasons behind it and also to find out a desirable solution to the problem. Keywords –Trafficking, Involuntariness, Transnational, Globalization, Urbanisation, Migration

International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 2017

Human trafficking is an organized crime where people are forced and enticed into exploitation, irrespective of the victims' movement being involved, for profits and money. It is a violation of human rights where the state needs to have a multi-dimensional approach and strategy to prevent and eliminate trafficking. The paper attempts to analyze the situation of Human Trafficking and its root causes in India, such as high poverty, gender-discrimination, religious and cultural practices, lack of education and socioeconomic opportunities, social deprivation, conflicts/natural disasters and violence. It throws a light on legislative gaps in the Indian Trafficking Laws, with special reference to 'Immoral Trafficking(Prevention) Act, 1956', in not addressing trafficking for any other purpose outside sexual trafficking and conflating sex work to sexual trafficking The objective of this paper is to analyze human trafficking and its situations, types, root causes, the legislative gaps and suggest preventive and management measures through collaborative, participatory and empowerment approaches.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH PAPER 1 | Page Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. The present study aims at finding the existence of this practice in today's time, its consequences on the society and the existing laws against this practice. A detailed research methodology has been used to find the extent to which this problem exists in the society and how it can be eradicated.

The concept of human trafficking refers to the criminal practice of exploiting human beings by treating them like commodities for profit. Even after being trafficked victims are subjected to long term exploitation. Human trafficking particularly trafficking in women and children has developed as an important social subject matter of concern in many parts of the world. UN protocol definition trafficking of human beings includes different actions such as to recruit, transport, transfer, harbor or receive by means of threat or force or other forms of coercion, within the purpose of exploitations. Children particularly females, teenagers, orphans and women are the most prominent victims of human trafficking in the world. The subject of human Trafficking is defined as a trade in something that should not be traded on for various social, economic or political reasons. Trafficking both for commercial sexual exploitation and for non sex based exploitation is a transnational and complex challenge as it is an organized criminal activity, an extreme form of human rights violation and an issue of economic empowerment and social justice.

International journal of applied research, 2016

This paper addresses the situation of human trafficking in India. It argues that the focus on trafficking either as an issue of illegal migration or prostitution still dominates the discourse of trafficking, which prioritizes state security over human security and does not adequately address the root causes of trafficking and the insecurity of trafficked individuals. The root causes or vulnerability factors of trafficking such as structural inequality, culturally sanctioned practices, poverty or economic insecurity, organ trade, bonded labor, gender violence, which are further exacerbated by corruption, have remained unrecognized in academic and policy areas. This paper argues that emphasis needs to be given to such underlying root causes and modes and also crimes related to human trafficking, that threatens human security of the trafficked persons in India. Accordingly, it provides some preventive measures to address and deal with the problem.

Trafficking in children and women has become one of the most vicious abuses of human rights. But it is very hard to fathom the magnitude of the concept as trafficking which is closely related to child labour, bonded labour, child marriage, kidnapping and abduction and prostitution even though these things can exist also independent of trafficking. The results of any immoral and unethical practice can never be positive and fruitful to the national interest. The evil of trafficking in women and children has become a parasite which we are bearing in our body and it has become both a human rights and developmental issue and thus this practice has long listed consequences. According to a new report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the vast majority of all human trafficking victims are women and girls and one third are children. Men and boys, however, are trafficked into exploitative labour, including work in the mining sector, as porters, soldiers, and slaves. Worldwide, 28 per cent of trafficking victims are children, but children account for 62 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 64 per cent in Central America and the Caribbean. This paper has tried to analyse the nature, causes, modes and volume of women and child trafficking in India. The paper points out the need to evolve a multidimensional approach and focuses attention on structural factors of trafficking and to recommend effective suggestions to combat the social evil.

1998

Abstract: Every day, children are being bought, sold and transported away from their homes. The trafficking of human beings particular children has become a multi-dollar business that appears to be growing. Child trafficking is illegal. It is also extremely harmful, as trafficked children are physically and sexually exploited. The United Nations estimates that 246 million children across the world are involved in exploitative labour and that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year. About one million children are exploited in the multi-billion dollar sex industry. Next to drug and gun trafficking, human trafficking is the third top criminal industry in the world. What used to be reported as a one billion dollar trade annually in early 2000, is now reported to generate a yearly profit of around US$ 10-12 Billion. A US state department report has placed India on its second worst category of human trafficking watch list for the fifth year in a row, for allegedly failing to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat the problem. In the report, India is described as a “source, destination and transit country for men, women and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. Ignorance, limited resources and poor execution of the protective programmes and policies for children further creates many problems and the problem of trafficking seems to be finding no redress in the near future. It is in this backdrop the present paper attempts to suggest some possible suggestion to check the problem of social menace i.e. child trafficking.