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1995, Risk Analysis
Two methodological steps in the study of peoples' concerns are elicitation and classification. Elicitation of concerns through analytical methods such as surveys can be supplemented with techniques that perform more diversively. We present two examples of how this can be accomplished one in the expert community and one in the lay community. A classification taxonomy is a subjective choice of the researcher and it can only be evaluated against the stated objectives of the research. We present a classification schema that is explicitly oriented toward diagnosing the substantive needs of public discourses about risk decision making. To illustrate how concerns can be elicited in a social setting and how this classification tool can be applied, we report on a public participation exercise in New Jersey where citizens discussed the impacts of land application of sewage sludge at an experimental farm.
Review of Policy Research, 2004
Scholars and practitioners alike advocate involving stakeholders in environmental decision making, although there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of public involvement tools and the degree of public involvement in the decision making process. Some researchers have gone a step further to promote the use of public surveys and stakeholder interviews as preferred means to include public concerns in environmental decision making. However, there is little evidence as to whether public involvement tools are effective at representing public preferences, especially when there is a shortage of technical information to inform public opinion. This study examines the effectiveness of surveys and stakeholder interviews for assessing the District of Columbia’s environmental problems in a comparative risk assessment. The findings suggest that these public involvement tools are less effective when there is a shortage of technical data. Instead, more deliberative forms of public involvement may generate greater convergence of opinion regarding environmental problems.
Review of Policy Research, 2004
Scholars and practitioners alike advocate involving stakeholders in environmental decision making, although there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of public involvement tools and the degree of public involvement in the decision making process. Some researchers have gone a step further to promote the use of public surveys and stakeholder interviews as preferred means to include public concerns in environmental decision making. However, there is little evidence as to whether public involvement tools are effective at representing public preferences, especially when there is a shortage of technical information to inform public opinion. This study examines the effectiveness of surveys and stakeholder interviews for assessing the District of Columbia's environmental problems in a comparative risk assessment. The findings suggest that these public involvement tools are less effective when there is a shortage of technical data. Instead, more deliberative forms of public involvement may generate greater convergence of opinion regarding environmental problems.
1994
The environmental justice movement has seen some successes. After years of neglect, the federal government and several states are directing legislative and executive efforts towards reforming siting processes and remedying discriminatory enforcement of environmental regulations. Community opposition in general has proved to be quite powerful in some instances. Since the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1976, there has been only one new siting of a hazardous waste landfill and few new sitings of hazardous waste incinerators. To a lesser extent, municipal solid waste and medical waste incinerators have also been successfully blocked or delayed. However, certain factors behind these successes suggest that procedural reforms of the siting process, though sorely needed, may not provide a complete solution to disparate dumping unless they also address the conflict over the nature of risk and how it is measured. This Article discusses the issues of perception of risk and citizen involvement in environmentally sensitive siting decisions. Part I describes the different phases of the siting process, i.e., the various determinations made at certain points during the process, the factors that enter into these calculations, and the interests implicated in each. Part II discusses the gap between citizens' and government agencies' understanding of environmental problems: what constitutes an acceptable risk, how risk is measured, and who makes these decisions. Part III sets out ways in which community groups can more effectively incorporate their concerns into the siting process and argues that public officials should give greater weight to public perceptions of risk.
Environmental Quality Management, 1998
Failure to resolve environmental concerns raised by the public can be costly for both public and private sector organizations. Designing effective community relations programs to address such issues requires an intimate understanding of the community and the stakeholders within it. The community assessment process provides insights into the reasons behind stakeholders' environmental concerns and how best to address them. Moreover, the assessment process can provide predictive information, so that managers can anticipate both the emergence of environmental concerns and the likely response patterns of stakeholders.The assessment process, which makes use of both qualitative information and quantitative data, tracks closely with the methodology used in industry analyses conducted by corporate strategic planners. Regrettably, many of the companies that have excellent skills in industry analysis fail to use their expertise to address environmental concerns involving their own plants. This article seeks to aid the reader in understanding how basic analytical skills can be used to understand and effectively address environmental concerns at the community level.
Risk Analysis, 2011
Much risk communication research has demonstrated how mass media can influence individual risk perceptions, but lacks a comprehensive conceptual understanding of another key channel of communication: interpersonal discussion. Using the social amplification of risk as a theoretical framework, we consider the potential for discussions to function as amplification stations. We explore this possibility using data from a public opinion survey of residents living in potential locations for a new biological research facility in the United States. Controlling for a variety of key information variables, our results show that two dimensions of discussion-frequency and valence-have impacts on residents' perceptions of the facility's benefits and its risks. We also explore the possibility that an individual's overall attitude moderates the effect of discussion on their perceptions of risks and benefits. Our results demonstrate the potential for discussions to operate as amplifiers or attenuators of perceptions of both risks and benefits.
Science, Technology & Human Values, 1985
Despite increased public concern over the social consequences of policies regarding hazardous substances and practices (e.g., nuclear technology, toxic wastes, carcinogenic substances), there has not been adequate public representation in the controversial decisions upon which these policies are based. The problem of inadequate public participation in controversies is therefore often raised in interdisciplinary studies of science, technology, and society. In a recent issue of Science, Technology, & Human Values,~ for example, it was a common theme running through a diverse set of essays on the role of technical knowledge in regulatory decisionmaking. As those essays demonstrated, although many policy analysts apparently agree on the importance of public participation, there is no clear consensus about how the problem should be tackled and about what role, if any, interdisciplinary work in science studies can play. The problem of public participation in decisions on hazardous technologies arises out of the tension between the need for scientific expertise in assessing hazards and the desire that people in a democracy have control over important social decisions. Differing attitudes toward public participation reflect differing views on the nature and importance of the technical-scientific components of hazard regulation and the policy value ones.
Society & Natural Resources, 2014
Monitoring public opinion, especially about controversial environmental=natural resource issues, through various survey modes remains an important social science tool used by scholars, advocates, newspaper reporters, and policymakers alike. However, with this use there has been a concomitant decline in response rates. To address this problem, increased use of mixed modes of surveys has occurred. The degree to which results of different modes can be combined remains a basic question. Can findings be compared to assess changes in public views across time or differences among various regions when different modes of data collection are used? We addressed this question by assessing how two comparable samples of residents' responses to the same questions differed depending upon survey mode (telephone or mail) while controlling for sampling procedures and survey content.
Environment and Planning C: …, 2008
1990
The NJDEP has developed a reputation as a monolithic bureaucracy which is unresponsive, uncoordinated and hostile to public involvement in its decision-making process. Yet recent survey research conducted on the status of risk communication and public participation in the agency shows a strong predilection by staff to work with the public on issues of mutual concern. In fact, the data indicate that most staff and managers are strongly committed to the goals of communication and participation, believe those goals to be important and want to do more in those areas with support and guidance from the agency administration.
Journal - American Water Works Association, 1988
Government agencies dealing with environmental issues have traditionally excluded the public from the regulatory decision-making process, opting instead to solicit public comment mainly after decisions have been made. Faced with increasing health threats from environmental contaminants and fearing a loss of control over decisions that affect their lives, the public is demanding to be involved throughout the regulatory process. Recent research on risk communication offers regulatory agencies a framework for developing new approaches to public involvement.
Human Ecology Review
The interaction between humans and their environment is epitomized by climate change issues. Public engagement is essential to communicating anticipated changes and shifting risks. We investigated one such risk-flooding in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We examined the demographics of flood risk management meeting participants and found they were significantly older, English-only speakers, better educated, more affluent, and more likely to be homeowners than the United States Census Bureau data indicate for the region's population. The aggregate gender and ethnic representation of all communities reflected that of the region's population, but individual communities were much less diverse. These findings show that it is important for risk managers to organize meetings in many local communities in their jurisdiction to capture all demographically diverse sectors. Outreach efforts should adapt to target younger community members, non-English speakers, lowerwage earners, and renters.
Science, Technology, & Human Values, 1990
Standard approaches to defining and evaluating environmental risk tend to reflect technocratic rather than democratic values. One consequence is that institutional mechanisms for achieving citizen participation in risk decisions rarely are studied or evaluated. This article presents a survey of five institutional mechanisms for allowing the lay public to influence environmental risk decisions: public hearings, initiatives, public surveys, negotiated rule making, and citizens review panels. It also defines democratic process criteria for assessing these and other participatory mechanisms.
American Psychologist, 1993
Environmental Management, 2010
Practitioners and stakeholders involved in environmental and risk assessment and decision-making efforts have access to a growing list of policies and guidance for implementing good process. The advice is often general. There is little understanding of how situation specific features are relevant in new circumstances. In a series of ten case studies we investigated how people's (a) perceptions of the context, (b) preferences for outcomes, and (c) affiliations, experiences and motivations are related to their preferences for process features in a particular situation. The cases are in three policy areas: watershed management, forestry management, and clean-up and public health management of radioactively contaminated sites. We conclude this paper with a discussion of how the results can inform process design. Process design should be based on a diagnostic approach that specifically assesses relevant situational characteristics.
Environmental Management, 2012
Participatory processes for obtaining residents' input about community impacts of proposed environmental management actions have long raised concerns about who participates in public involvement efforts and whose interests they represent. This study explored methods of broadbased involvement and the role of deliberation in social impact assessment. Interactive community forums were conducted in 27 communities to solicit public input on proposed alternatives for recovering wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest US. Individuals identified by fellow residents as most active and involved in community affairs (''AE residents'') were invited to participate in deliberations about likely social impacts of proposed engineering and ecological actions such as dam removal. Judgments of these AE participants about community impacts were compared with the judgments of residents motivated to attend a forum out of personal interest, who were designated as self-selected (''SS'') participants. While the magnitude of impacts rated by SS participants across all communities differed significantly from AE participants' ratings, in-depth analysis of results from two community case studies found that both AE and SS participants identified a large and diverse set of unique impacts, as well as many of the same kinds of impacts. Thus, inclusion of both kinds of residents resulted in a greater range of impacts for consideration in the environmental impact study. The case study results also found that the extent to which similar kinds of impacts are specified by AE and SS group members can differ by type of community. Study results caution against simplistic conclusions drawn from this approach to community-wide public participation. Nonetheless, the results affirm that deliberative methods for community-based impact assessment involving both AE and SS residents can provide a more complete picture of perceived impacts of proposed restoration activities.
Risk …, 2005
This article takes as its case study the GM Nation? public debate, a major participation process on the commercialization of agricultural biotechnology, which occurred in Britain during the summer of 2003. We investigate possible self-selection biases in over 36,000 open questionnaire ...
Policy Studies Journal, 2000
This article uses focus group data to explore the connection between scientific uncertainty about environmental risks and the emergence of distrust among local populations, regulators, and technical experts affected by those risks. With data from a nationwide study of issues associated with the cleanup of U.S. nuclear weapons facilities, the article uses "dialogue theory" and focus group data from three locations to identify the sources of miscommunication and distrust among these actors. The authors conclude that, despite problems with perception and communication among these groups, enough common ground exists to be optimistic about expanding participation for all affected groups in the policymaking process. In fact, expanded participation should diminish the distrust developed from previous regulatory regimes.
Invited position paper Risk permeates our lives, in personal decision-making and in public debate and the development of policies for risk management in economics, environment, healthcare, international relations, and countless other domains. This paper presents the idea of using crowdsourcing techniques to support argumentation in public discussions of risk, which has been the topic of a workshop funded by the PURE network for research on environmental risk management. Public discussions of risks are grounded in subjective experiences and beliefs. Researchers have for many years sought an objective interpretation of risk, mostly grounded in scientific theories and mathematical concepts like probability, utility and preference. These struggle to accommodate the complexity of subjective experience. Cognitive scientists have shown that people are subject to misunderstandings and biases in coping with risk and uncertainty (e.g. refs: Slovik, Fischoff, Kahneman) to an extent that is som...
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