DNA based molecular motors

Nature, 2003

The basic features of DNA were elucidated during the halfcentury following the discovery of the double helix. But it is only during the past decade that researchers have been able to manipulate single molecules of DNA to make direct measurements of its mechanical properties. These studies have illuminated the nature of interactions between DNA and proteins, the constraints within which the cellular machinery operates, and the forces created by DNA-dependent motors.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 2000

During the past decade, physical techniques such as optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy were used to study the mechanical properties of DNA at the single-molecule level. Knowledge of DNA’s stretching and twisting properties now permits these single-molecule techniques to be used in the study of biological processes such as DNA replication and transcription.

Science, 1999

Single-molecule observation and manipulation have come of age. With the advent of optical tweezers and other methods for probing and imaging single molecules, investigators have circumvented the model-dependent extrapolation from ensemble assays that has been the hallmark of classical biochemistry and biophysics. In recent years, there have been important advances in the understanding of how motor proteins work. The range of these technologies has also started to expand into areas such as DNA transcription and protein folding. Here, recent experiments with rotary motors, linear motors, RNA polymerase, and titin are described.

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2009

Nano-mechanical measurements and manipulations at the single-cell and single-molecular levels using the atomic force microscope (AFM) and optical tweezers are presenting fascinating opportunities to the researchers in bioscience and biotechnology. Single molecule biophysics technologies, due to their capability to detect transient states of molecules and biomolecular complexes, are the methods of choice for studies in DNA structure and dynamics, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein interactions, and viral DNA packaging. The aim of this review is to describe the recent developments of scientific tools and the knowledge gained in single molecule DNA mechanics such as DNA elasticity, electrostatics, condensation and interactions of DNA with surrounding fluids during its hydrodynamic flow.

Single Molecules, 2000

Structural and functional properties of double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on a single molecule level. Here, we characterize different linear and circular DNA systems in terms of their geometry and topology, and visualize enzyme binding of restriction endonuclease Hae III to DNA. Manipulation of single DNA molecules is demonstrated by dissecting individual DNA strands. Furthermore, the elastic response of single DNA molecules to an externally applied force is investigated by AFM force spectroscopy experiments. This gives information about structural properties of the DNA double helix. Specifically, transition from B-form to S-form DNA and a melting transition from double stranded to single stranded DNA is observed. This allows monitoring of specific interaction and binding of small intercalator molecules such as ethidium bromide (EtBr) to DNA by means of a mechanical, non-fluorescent detection scheme.

PLOS Computational Biology, 2014

We develop a new powerful method to reproduce in silico single-molecule manipulation experiments. We demonstrate that flexible polymers such as DNA can be simulated using rigid body dynamics thanks to an original implementation of Langevin dynamics in an open source library called Open Dynamics Engine. We moreover implement a global thermostat which accelerates the simulation sampling by two orders of magnitude. We reproduce force-extension as well as rotationextension curves of reference experimental studies. Finally, we extend the model to simulations where the control parameter is no longer the torsional strain but instead the torque, and predict the expected behavior for this case which is particularly challenging theoretically and experimentally.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 2002

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013

Physics of Life …, 2010

Single molecule force spectroscopy is a powerful method that uses the mechanical properties of DNA to explore DNA interactions. Here we describe how DNA stretching experiments quantitatively characterize the DNA binding of small molecules and proteins. Small molecules exhibit diverse DNA binding modes, including binding into the major and minor grooves and intercalation between base pairs of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Histones bind and package dsDNA, while other nuclear proteins such as high mobility group proteins bind to the backbone and bend dsDNA. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding proteins slide along dsDNA to locate and stabilize ssDNA during replication. Other proteins exhibit binding to both dsDNA and ssDNA. Nucleic acid chaperone proteins can switch rapidly between dsDNA and ssDNA binding modes, while DNA polymerases bind both forms of DNA with high affinity at distinct binding sites at the replication fork. Single molecule force measurements quantitatively characterize these DNA binding mechanisms, elucidating small molecule interactions and protein function.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016

Single-stranded (ss)DNA binding (SSB) proteins bind with high affinity to ssDNA generated during DNA replication, recombination, and repair; however, these SSBs must eventually be displaced from or reorganized along the ssDNA. One potential mechanism for reorganization is for an ssDNA translocase (ATP-dependent motor) to push the SSB along ssDNA. Here we use single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to detect such pushing events. When Cy5-labeled Escherichia coli (Ec) SSB is bound to surface-immobilized 3'-Cy3-labeled ssDNA, a fluctuating FRET signal is observed, consistent with random diffusion of SSB along the ssDNA. Addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1, a 5' to 3' ssDNA translocase, results in the appearance of isolated, irregularly spaced saw-tooth FRET spikes only in the presence of ATP. These FRET spikes result from translocase-induced directional (5' to 3') pushing of the SSB toward the 3' ssDNA end, followed by displacemen...