Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of tinnitus

Textbook of Tinnitus, 2011

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2016

Tinnitus is a phantom auditory perception that occurs in humans. Tinnitus, which is a distressing problem affecting many people around the world, is commonly referred to as ringing in the ears. No effective drug therapy is available for this elusive disease, although much research work into mechanism and possible treatment is underway. As yet, there are no Food and Drug Administration approved drugs available and the quest for a new treatment option for tinnitus focus on important challenges in tinnitus management. A number of options have been used to treat patients with tinnitus, but outcomes have been limited. A new, curative modality will provide a turning point in the management of tinnitus. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the pathophysiology, global burden, current treatment, and prevention of tinnitus, with future prospective studies in new drug therapy for this elusive condition.

European Geriatric Medicine, 2015

2020

Tinnitus is a hearing disorder that causes ringing, buzzing or hissing sensation to the patient’s auditory senses. It has become a very common complaint over the years affecting around 7-8% of the human population all over the world. The disorder causes the patients to feel irritable, annoyed, depressed, and distressed. As a result, it obstructs their sense of relaxation, enjoyment, and even their sleep thus forcing them to avoid any social gatherings. There has been a substantial amount of work that has been carried out pertinent to this disorder. This paper reviews existing research and work done regarding Tinnitus effects, causes, and diagnosis. The numerous ways in which Tinnitus could affect an individual have been depicted. From the plethora of probable causes of this disorder, the most conceivable ones are highlighted. Moreover, this paper documents and reviews the attempts at treating Tinnitus, relevant engineering breakthroughs, and the various ways in which Tinnitus noise ...

Tinnitus is phantom auditory sensation felt in one or both ears without external sound stimulus. It can be continuous or pulsatile. Among the most accepted hypothesis of pathophysiology is the one relating to the production of electrical impulses adjacent to the area of loss of outer hair cells of cochlea. Innumerable methods of treatment for tinnitus are described in the literature with variable results of cure and control. Few among them are Intratympanic injection of steroids and lignocaine; infusions of Piracetam in addition to supportive therapy. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of drugs formulated into three schedules on the subjective relief of tinnitus.

IIP, 2024

Understanding and Functioning of Tinnitus: Insights into Categorization, Reasons, and Evaluation** Tinnitus, the perception of noise in the absence of external stimuli, has intrigued both medical experts and scholars. This article delves into the etymology of tinnitus, exploring technical terms such as "Tinnitus aurium," "Acousma," and "Leudet tinnitus." Pioneers in this field, integrated Jack Vernon and Pawel J. The dispute extends to the neural mechanisms behind tinnitus, emphasizing the intricate relationship between the auditory, somatosensory, limbic and independent systems. The article details conditions similar to personal tinnitus, shedding light on otological, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological and pharmacological components. An in-depth investigation of evaluation protocols, including comparison of pitch and loudness, provides insight into the clinical evaluation of tinnitus. The article then navigates through the intricate reasons for tinnitus, visually represented in a tree diagram. Psychological effects are catalogued in tables that describe the signs of emotional, interpersonal, and somatic distress associated with tinnitus. The multifaceted reasons for tinnitus are summarized in a comprehensive figure that shows a holistic perspective of the intricate network that contributes to this phenomenon. Moreover, this chapter discusses about the Tinnitus management employs diverse strategies, including advice, hearing aids, and innovative approaches like Neuromonics. Pharmacological options, noninvasive methods like Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation, and alternative therapies contribute to a multifaceted approach.

The Lancet Neurology, 2013

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of a corresponding external acoustic stimulus. With prevalence ranging from 10% to 15%, tinnitus is a common disorder. Many people habituate to the phantom sound, but tinnitus severely impairs quality of life of about 1-2% of all people. Tinnitus has traditionally been regarded as an otological disorder, but advances in neuroimaging methods and development of animal models have increasingly shifted the perspective towards its neuronal correlates. Increased neuronal fi ring rate, enhanced neuronal synchrony, and changes in the tonotopic organisation are recorded in central auditory pathways in reaction to deprived auditory input and represent-together with changes in non-auditory brain areas-the neuronal correlate of tinnitus. Assessment of patients includes a detailed case history, measurement of hearing function, quantifi cation of tinnitus severity, and identifi cation of causal factors, associated symptoms, and comorbidities. Most widely used treatments for tinnitus involve counselling, and best evidence is available for cognitive behavioural therapy. New pathophysiological insights have prompted the development of innovative brain-based treatment approaches to directly target the neuronal correlates of tinnitus. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 920-30 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (B Langguth MD, P M Kreuzer MD) and Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Center (B Langguth, P M Kreuzer, References 1 Krog NH, Engdahl B, Tambs K. The association between tinnitus and mental health in a general population sample: results from the HUNT Study. J Psychosom Res 2010; 69: 289-98. 2 Axelsson A, Ringdahl A. Tinnitus-a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol 1989; 23: 53-62. 3 Pilgram R. Tinnitus in der BRD. HNO aktuell 1999; 7: 261-65. 4 Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC, Farwell WR. Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults. Am J Med 2010;

Tinnitus-the perception of sound in the absence of an actual external sound-represents a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a single disease. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying tinnitus. Tinnitus generators are theoretically located in the auditory pathway, and such generators and various mechanisms occurring in the peripheral auditory system have been explained in terms of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, edge theory, and discordant theory. Those present in the central auditory system have been explained in terms of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the auditory plasticity theory, the crosstalk theory, the somatosensory system, and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Treatments for tinnitus include pharmacotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, sound therapy, music therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, massage and stretching, and electrical suppression. This paper reviews the characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments of tinnitus.

2020

Bartels, H. (2008a). General conclusions, discussion and future perspectives. In H. Bartels (Ed.), Tinnitus: new insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (pp. 159-171). Groningen: Ponsen & Looijen b.v. Bartels, H. (2008b). General introduction and outline of the thesis. In H. Bartels (Ed.), Tinnitus: new insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (pp. 11-17). Groningen: Ponsen & Looijen b.v.

Drugs of the Future, 2009

Subjective tinnitus, the phantom ringing or buzzing sensation that occurs in the absence of sound, affects 12-14% of adults; in some cases the tinnitus is so severe or disabling that patients seek medical treatment. However, although the economic and emotional impact of tinnitus is large, there are currently no FDA-approved drugs to treat this condition. Clinical trials are now underway to evaluate the efficacy of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and dopamine D 2 antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and zinc dietary supplements. Previous off-label clinical studies, while not definitive, suggest that patients with severe depression may experience improvement in their tinnitus after treatment with antidepressants such as nortriptyline or sertraline. A small subpopulation of patients with what has been described as "typewriter tinnitus" have been shown to gain significant relief from the anticonvulsant carbamazepine. Preliminary studies with misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, and sulpiride, a dopamine D 2 antagonist, have shown promise. Animal behavioral studies suggest that GABA transaminase inhibitors and potassium channel modulators can suppress tinnitus. Additionally, improvements in tinnitus have also been noted in patients taking melatonin for significant sleep disturbances. Like other complex neurological disorders, one drug is unlikely to resolve tinnitus in all patients; therapies targeting specific subgroups are likely to yield the greatest success. Individuals who experience severe and disabling tinnitus often seek medical treatment from an otologist, neurologist or psychiatrist with the hope of finding a drug or surgical treatment that can completely switch off their tinnitus and bring back silence. Disappointment and disbelief set in when patients are told by their physician that they must learn to live with it or