European first aid guidelines

Resuscitation, 2015

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Global First Aid Reference Centre, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Paris, France National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, MSc “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation”, Athens, Greece Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Athens, Greece Wellington Hospital, Wellington Place, London, UK Department of General Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Colchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester, UK French Red-Cross, Paris, France Austrian Red Cross, National Training Center, Vienna, Austria Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Fac...

Circulation

This is the summary publication of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation’s 2020 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations . It addresses the most recent published evidence reviewed by the First Aid Task Force science experts. This summary addresses the topics of first aid methods of glucose administration for hypoglycemia; techniques for cooling of exertional hyperthermia and heatstroke; recognition of acute stroke; the use of supplementary oxygen in acute stroke; early or first aid use of aspirin for chest pain; control of life-threatening bleeding through the use of tourniquets, hemostatic dressings, direct pressure, or pressure devices; the use of a compression wrap for closed extremity joint injuries; and temporary storage of an avulsed tooth. Additional summaries of scoping reviews are presented for the use of a recovery position, recognition of a concussion, and 6 other first aid topics. The First Aid Task Force has assessed, di...

Resuscitation, 2015

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) First Aid Task Force first met in June 2013. Comprising nominated members from around the globe appointed by each ILCOR member organization, the task force members first agreed to the goals of first aid and produced a definition of first aid as it might apply to the international setting. Task force members considered an agreed-upon definition essential for the subsequent development of research questions, evidence evaluation, and treatment recommendations.

Circulation, 2010

Circulation, 2015

In the autumn of 2012, ILCOR approved the First Aid Task Force as a fully participating task force in the 2015 ILCOR international evidence evaluation and appointed 2 international co-chairs. In the spring of 2013, each member council of ILCOR nominated individuals for membership in the First Aid Task Force. In addition to the co-chairs, 11 task force members were appointed, representing the ILCOR member organizations of the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Australian Resuscitation Council, the InterAmerican Heart Foundation, and the Resuscitation Council of Asia. Members included physicians specializing in anesthesia, critical care/resuscitation, emergency medicine, cardiology, internal medicine, and pediatric emergency medicine, as well as paramedics specializing in prehospital care guideline development, specialists in first aid course education (Circulation. 2015;132[suppl 1]:S269-S311.

In the autumn of 2012, ILCOR approved the First Aid Task Force as a fully participating task force in the 2015 ILCOR international evidence evaluation and appointed 2 international co-chairs. In the spring of 2013, each member council of ILCOR nominated individuals for membership in the First Aid Task Force. In addition to the co-chairs, 11 task force members were appointed, representing the ILCOR member organizations of the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Australian Resuscitation Council, the InterAmerican Heart Foundation, and the Resuscitation Council of Asia. Members included physicians specializing in anesthesia, critical care/resuscitation, emergency medicine, cardiology, internal medicine, and pediatric emergency medicine, as well as paramedics specializing in prehospital care guideline development, specialists in first aid course education (Circulation. 2015;132[suppl 1]:S269-S311.

Circulation, 2010

The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Red Cross (Red Cross) cofounded the National First Aid Science Advisory Board to review and evaluate the scientific literature on first aid in preparation for the 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid.1 In preparation for the 2010 evidence evaluation process, the National First Aid Advisory Board was expanded to become the International First Aid Science Advisory Board with the addition of representatives from a number of international first aid organizations (see Table). The goal of the board is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to emergency events by making treatment recommendations based on an analysis of the scientific evidence that answers the following questions: In which emergency conditions can morbidity or mortality be reduced by the intervention of a first aid provider? How strong is the scientific evidence that interventions performed by a first aid provider are safe, effective, and feasible?

Circulation, 2020

additional treatment when needed, such as activating emergency medical services or seeking other medical assistance (emergency services). 1 The present document incorporates systematic reviews conducted by the First Aid Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). 2 Systematic reviews and Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) conducted by ILCOR provide upto-date science for international use. After formulation of the ILCOR systematic reviews and CoSTRs, a North American team with representatives appointed by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Red Cross (Red Cross) then applies the science within these documents to update existing first aid guidelines for use in curriculum and protocol development. Beginning in 2015, the ILCOR evidence evaluation process transitioned to a continuous evidence evaluation, with systematic reviews performed as new published evidence emerges or when an ILCOR task force prioritizes a topic. In 2020, the ILCOR First Aid Task Force conducted systematic reviews on the topics of recognizing stroke, providing supplemental oxygen for individuals suspected of stroke, when to offer aspirin for those with chest pain, methods of providing glucose for individuals suspected of hypoglycemia, means to stop life-threatening bleeding, use of compression wraps for the recovery from closed extremity joint injuries, mediums to store avulsed teeth, and cooling techniques for exertional hyperthermia or heatstroke. This focused update includes new and updated recommendations for first aid organizations and providers, but written for curriculum designer and educator use.

Resuscitation, 2005

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2004

everely injured trauma victims are at high risk of development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) or death. To maximize chances for survival, treatment priorities must focus on resuscitation from shock (defined as inadequate tissue oxygenation to meet tissue O 2 requirements), including appropriate fluid resuscitation and rapid hemostasis. Inadequate tissue oxygenation leads to anaerobic metabolism and resultant tissue acidosis. The depth and duration of shock leads to a cumulative oxygen debt. 1 Resuscitation is complete when the oxygen debt has been repaid, tissue acidosis eliminated, and normal aerobic metabolism restored in all tissue beds. Many patients may appear to be adequately resuscitated based on normalization of vital signs, but have occult hypoperfusion and ongoing tissue acidosis (compensated shock), which may lead to organ dysfunction and death. Use of the endpoints discussed in this guideline may allow early detection and reversal of this state, with the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality from trauma. Without doubt, resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is impossible without hemostasis. Fluid resuscitation strategies before obtaining hemostasis in patients with uncontrolled hemorrhage, usually victims of penetrating trauma, remain controversial. Withholding fluid resuscitation may lead to death from exsanguination, whereas aggressive fluid resuscitation may disrupt the clot and lead to more bleeding. "Limited," "hypotensive," and/or "delayed" fluid resuscitation may be beneficial, but clinical trials have yielded conflicting results. This clinical practice guideline will focus on resuscitation after achieving hemostasis and will not address the issue of uncontrolled hemorrhage further. Use of the traditional markers of successful resuscitation, including restoration of normal blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output, remain the standard of care per the Advanced Trauma Life Support Course. When these parameters remain abnormal, i.e., uncompensated shock, the need for additional resuscitation is clear. After normalization of these parameters, up to 85% of severely injured trauma victims still have evidence of inadequate tissue oxygenation based on findings of an ongoing metabolic acidosis or evidence of gastric mucosal ischemia. This condition has been described as compensated shock. Recognition of this state and its rapid reversal are critical to minimize risk of MODS or death. Consequently, better markers of adequate resuscitation for severely injured trauma victims are needed. This guideline committee sought to evaluate the current state of the literature regarding use of potential markers and related goals of resuscitation, focusing on those that have been tested in human trauma victims. This manuscript is part of an ongoing process of guideline development that includes periodic (every 3-4 years) review of the topic and the recommendations in light of new data. The goal is for these guidelines to assist clinicians in assuring adequate resuscitation of trauma patients, ultimately improving patient outcomes. 1. To demonstrate that the proposed endpoints are useful for stratifying the patients' severity of physiologic derangement. 2. To demonstrate that the proposed endpoints are useful for predicting risk of development of MODS or death. 3. To determine the endpoints for resuscitation that would predict survival without organ system dysfunction if a defined level is achieved within a certain time frame. 4. To improve patient survival and morbidity (organ

Circulation, 2010

The International First Aid Science Advisory Board identified 38 questions in first aid practice that had not been subjected to an evidence review process or that needed to be updated since the 2005 process. Two or more members of the International First Aid Science Advisory Board volunteered to independently review the scientific literature and complete an evidence-based review worksheet summarizing the literature (see Part 2 of this supplement for additional information). After the evidence was presented to the full board, a draft consensus summary of the scientific evidence and a draft consensus treatment recommendation were developed and represented at a subsequent meeting. Thus, each question, evidence-based review, draft summary of science, and draft treatment recommendation was presented and discussed on 2 separate occasions, and a Consensus on Science and Treatment Recommendation was reached by the Board. This document is a report of the group's consensus.

Resuscitation, 2015