The history of change in the UK

Indian Journal of Surgery, 2022

The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow is a community of health professionals working together to develop and improve patient care. The College is dedicated to supporting its members through education, training and continuing professional development. Furthermore, the College is committed to good global citizenship and has supported Fellows, Members and staff in their volunteering efforts.

This article reviews the problems of the status of surgery in Medieval Europe and the model of surgical education in Italy and France. If in Italy the chirurgery was one of the university-taught disciplines, in France during the 12th century, The College of St. Cosmas was established, which prepared highly qualifi ed surgeons. Although this college was in constant confrontation with the University of Paris, some subjects however, such as anatomy for example, were taught in both educational facilities. The surgeons were unable to obtain university education not only due to lack of understanding the Latin language by the majority of them, but also due to the necessity of having practical training, which the medical faculties did not allot suffi cient amount of attention. Familiarization with the sources, repudiates the historiographical myth about the ignorance of medieval surgeons: there were more treatises written on surgery than on therapy and pharmacology.

2008

1.-Surgery becomes text-based. 2.-Inserting surgery into medical faculties, c. 1300. 3.-The second-class status of academic surgery in the later Middle Ages. 4.-Techniques of university surgical instruction.

Archives of Surgery, 2001

Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 2012

The etymology behind surgeon is derived from the Greek phrase cheir, “hand” ergon, “work.” The surgery that we know and take for granted today took thousands of years of blood, guts, limbs and amputations of trial and error to cultivate. Surgical procedures have been performed since antiquity. Civilization and surgery, in fact, go hand-in-hand and are just as old as each other. Given the time frame and our woeful ignorance, many of us believe that medicine in the past, let alone surgery, was particularly primitive and thus we give less credit than is due. On the contrary, however, the practices and procedures were more sophisticated than many of us would want to believe. This paper will investigate the history of surgery and while the topic is broad in outlook, the intent is not to go beyond the latter half of the 19th century. Even within the past few decades, like so many other disciplines; medicine, science and technology has advanced exponentially. In consideration of the sheer documentation within the 20th century, let alone the latter half, it would be a daunting and overwhelming task to cover the entirety of surgery. A few broad sweeps will be made to give the reader a general outlook and appreciation of the surgeon, including the field’s many shortcomings and advancements. The distinctive path of the surgeon would eventually refine and develop it into a refined craft. At the heart of the story of the surgeon, a number of characters and surgeons will be examined including the Priest-Physician, the Barber-Surgeon, the Accoucheur and eventually the professional surgeon. While our conception and perceptions of the surgeon is that of a prestigious and affluent profession, they had humble beginnings. The surgical drape will be unraveled and the blood and guts underneath will be examined and understood.

Revista Argentina de Cirugía, 2020

Can we talk about science when we speak about surgery? Not, accordingly to classical epistemology. To consider a discipline as scientific, it must meet certain requirements that surgery would not seem to satisfy: being part of a paradigm and creating scientific knowledge. Therefore, if we want to affirm the scientific nature of surgery, we must investigate the existence of exemplars that could be paradigmatic, since they are the ones that support its epistemic structure. Along with this, we must demonstrate that their practice creates scientific knowledge. We’ve postulated five objectives that surgery had to satisfy. We’ve seen in classic history, that the main characters which are considered founders of modern surgery –Ambrosio Pare and John Hunter– were only able to reach the first three, and as we’ll see, were not enough to consider surgery as part of science. Moving forward in history, we are able to find the first paradigmatic exemplars. The first corresponds to the research work in the animal phase, prior to the first successful human gastrectomy performed by the German surgeon Theodor Billroth, in 1882. The second corresponds to the research in thyroid’s physiology carried out by Emil T. Kocher; thanks to this, he won the Nobel Prize in medicine and phy-siology in 1909. An analysis of the epistemic development of surgery is made from them, and the consequences are analyzed using the concept of the epistemic cycle. Those key hypotheses are important to understand the creation of scientific knowledge in technical disciplines as surgery.

The Lancet, 2009

History of Education Quarterly, 2013

Due to its ascendancy as the administrative and commercial center of early modern England, London experienced sustained growth in the latter half of the sixteenth century, as waves of rural immigrants sought to enhance their material conditions by tapping into the city's bustling occupational and civic networks. The resultant crowded urban landscape fostered mounting demand for medical services, since injuries and ailments, ranging from consumption to contusions, proliferated within the city's teeming streets and markets. Due to consistently strong patient demand and the conventions of English common law, which stipulated that legal authorization to practice medicine was solely contingent upon patient consent, peddling medical services to the city's ill and infirm became an increasingly appealing—and potentially lucrative—venture. Consequently, London's largely unregulated medical marketplace—characterized by competition for patients, the mounting influence of print ...

This course will exam current healthcare practices and how these This course will exam current healthcare practices and how these current practices are influencing the need for change. Various viewpoints from both national and global perspectives will provide physicians with a stimulating forecast for their professional future and address the need and driving forces imperative for improving physician/patient relationships and care.