Complex Space-Time

The fundamental fabric of spacetime is revealed by deep Dimensional Analysis of the Planck Units and the units of electromagnetism. Using a little-known expression (derived by James Clerk Maxwell) for the dimensional reduction of mass and charge into units of length and inverse-time, all of the physical quantities can be expressed in terms of metres and inverse-seconds (Hz). On arranging these quantities into a two-dimensional log-log Space/Time matrix, simple (but compelling) patterns emerge in the mathematical relationship between fundamental units. The Space/Time matrix requires five spatial dimensions to accommodate the physical units, two of which are shown to be imaginary spatially-gauged wavelengths, i.e. unobservable dimensions of complex 5+1D spacetime, measured in metres, which exist but are not real.

viXra, 2015

The change of the state of motion of physical systems is characterized by the change of its velocity; an important aspect of Relativity Theory (RT). Quantum mechanics (QM) implies space-time itself may be quantum in nature if QM is to comply with RT geometrically; i.e. Loop quantum gravity theory (LQG) as a quantum space-time. The nature of time and its intimate relationship with space as described by RT is not so obviously defined but dealt with as an abstract entity that exists in physical reality. But physical reality demands similar dynamical space-time notion as mostly expressed by LQG. Here, following the concept of quantum space-time, I describe time as a numerical value of space such that the rules of RT are satisfied. Length contraction, time dilation and the forward arrow of time are explained accordingly. The intention here is to add dynamical aspect to the notion of time by defining it as a property of the dynamical space itself under the rules of RT but adding a dynamic...

International Journal of Modern Physics A, 1996

We unify the gravitational field with its source by considering a new type of 5D manifold in which space and time are augmented by an extra dimension which induces 4D matter. The classical tests of relativity are satisfied, and for solitons we obtain new effects which can be tested astrophysically. The canonical cosmological models are in agreement with observations, and we gain new insight into the nature of the big bang. Our inference is that the world may be pure geometry in 5D.

The basic characteristics of space-time as a requisite dualistic condition of creation has been explicated. It is emphasized that space and time represent a set of conjugate phenomena that are symbiotic in nature in a sense that one cannot exist without the other. Furthermore, it is elucidated that in reality space represents congealed time that otherwise progresses in free flow. Moreover, space and time may be considered as being the inverse of one another in the sense that the propensity of congealed time (space) diminishes the free-flowing nature of time. It is further proposed that consistent with the measure of space at a given point in the Cosmos, time should be quantified in terms of a vectorial, and not a mere scalar quantity, as is erroneously and commonly perceived. In fact, both the measures of space and time at any point within the Cosmos represent free vectors, which are mutually orthogonal to one another at the given point in the Cosmos. Furthermore, as time defines the very essence of spinning about the SOURCE, the vector of time is rotational in nature. In fact, space-time may be depicted as a curvilinear (spherical) layer with its surface being reminiscent of its space aspect and its curvature epitomizing its time feature. It is, thus, clear and reaffirms the fact that at any point within the Cosmos, the free vector of space (position vector), being tangent to the surface, is perpendicular to the vector of time that is directed along the radius of the said spheroidal surface. Furthermore, it is clarified that similar to the vector of position, time is directional in nature that may be either positive or negative. It can proceed along the radius of the spherical space-time layer either towards or away from the SOURCE.

2016

Starting from a short review of the "classical" space problem in the sense of the 19th century (Helmholtz-Lie-Klein) it is discussed how the challenges posed by special and general relativity to the classical analysis were taken up by Hermann Weyl and Elie Cartan. Both mathematicians reconsidered the space problem from the point of view of transformations operating in the infinitesimal neighbourhoods of a manifold (spacetime). In a short outlook we survey further developments in mathematics and physics of the second half of the 20th century, in which core ideas of Weyl's and/or Cartan's analysis of the space problem were further investigated (mathematics) or incorporated into basic theories (physics).

The quaternion is a complex number that extends into four dimensions. In this book, the quaternion is transformed into a number in the curved four−dimensional space−time and the transformed quaternion is called the new octonion. Because the new octonion consists of four real numbers and four imaginary numbers, four kinds are thought to exist (similar to the real and imaginary numbers), each in our space−time. In addition, if the structure of the four−dimensional space−time is examined using the new octonion, space is considered to have a double structure. In other words, two four−dimensional space−time structures overlap. Furthermore, when using the new octonion, the conclusions of special relativity can be explained without contradiction if the axiom that mass is the time component of the unit world line is imposed. This leads to the conclusion that in our world, mass and energy are expressed as imaginary numbers.

Nature, 1977

A Theory of Space, Time, and Gravity, 2024

A unified field and gravity theory.

Scientific GOD Journal, 2023

This paper lays a hypothesis about the fundamental nature of Space and Time. Time is absolute as well as relative. Relative quantity can occur only if the absolute exists in the theory. It is an established fact that elementary particles such as quarks keep forming up in space and keep decaying. This happens in the quantum foam due to the presence of quantum vacuum fluctuations. The quantum vacuum fluctuations are caused by time energy as per the design of Consciousness (sentience). This theory aims to explain the workings of relative time, motion in the cosmos and the source of energy of the quarks, electrons and other elementary particles. This model accounts for observations such as the correlation of distance and redshift of galaxies. The conclusions of the paper are as follows: (g) Consciousness is a para dimension besides space, time, energy, matter and intelligence. (h) The homogeneity, isotropism and continuous expansion of space may be an incorrect conclusion.

With scant regard for conventional paradigms we look squarely at the evidence and derive a space-time framework accounting for quantum non-locality and retro-causality. On this basis we gather insight into the origins of time, space and mass. We derive the mass-transformation formula according to Special Relativity and provide a spatial context for the internal symmetries of the Standard Model. To provide a philosophical context we derive the central structure of the esoteric cosmological model from first principles while demonstrating its consistency with the framework. As a result of this unification, consciousness enters physics.