Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy in rural Bangladesh

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2020

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in India and world. Anaemia in pregnancy continues to be a problem in spite of national programs for its prevention and control. It accounts for 1/5 th of maternal deaths worldwide and 16% in India and is the major factor responsible for low birth weight, abortions, premature birth, and post-partum haemorrhage. Hence determining the status and factors influencing anaemia among pregnant women is essential to treat and prevent the same. Objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 pregnant women attending for antenatal care at KIMS OPD from 3 rd June to 4 th July. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was applied to collect data. Haemoglobin estimation was done by Sahli's method. Results: Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was found to be 81%; majority had moderate anaemia 57%. The mean age of pregnant women in the study is 24.55 years and 46.5% belong to lower socioeconomic status, 43% lived in joint families. Factors influencing anaemia were multi-parity, short inter-pregnancy interval, no history of recent deworming and iron and folic acid tablets intake. Conclusions: In the present study, the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was found to be very high i.e., 81% especially among illiterates, low income groups, multiparous women, short inter-pregnancy interval, no history of recent deworming and iron and folic acid tablets intake.

Journal of Women's Health Care, 2012

Background: Anaemia is one of the most common causes of malnutrition and it has a great public health significance affecting children, adolescents and women of reproductive age worldwide. Thus, there is a need to investigate the prevalence of anaemia particularly among females in their reproductive aged 15 to 45 years in The magnitude of anaemia in the general population of Ambala district has not yet been well documented. Objective: To estimate the magnitude of anaemia among women of reproductive age in a PHC of Ambala district of Haryana. Methods: A cross-sectional study of analytical nature was conducted in one cluster (village) namely Barara drawn from a PHC Barara of the Ambala district between May to July 2010. A total of 598 women of reproductive age (15-45 years) were clinically examined. Sahli´s Haemoglobinometer method was used to examine the level of hemoglobin (Hgb). Results: The prevalence rate of any anaemia was 96.8%. The majority of anaemic women were in the category of mild (75.3 %) to moderate (16.9%) and severe Anaemia was 7.8%. A significantly higher proportion of anaemia 96.8% (95% CI: 78.0 to 98.0%)]. Though the most affected age group was 21-25 years but the difference noted was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study substantiates the existence of mild to moderate form of anaemia among women of reproductive age and underlines the need for iron supplementation to all reproductive women especially during the antenatal period with more attention to the most affected regions.

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2021

______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Anaemia is a most common disorder of Indian women especially during the age of reproduction. Anaemia in pregnancy is a condition with effects that may deleterious to mothers and foetus. Indeed, it is a known risk factor for maternal and leads to foetal complications. However, women are much better aware now about their pregnancy related conditions than they were years ago. This is not just a feminist fad but common sense for the woman who knows what is likely to happen and will be better prepared for actions in pregnancy. The WHO considers iron deficiency to the largest International nutritional disorder. According to WHO anaemia in pregnancy is present when the concentration of haemoglobin in the peripheral blood is 11gms/100ml or less. As per American college of obstetrician and gynaecologist 60-100mgs of elemental iron per day prevents iron deficiency in a pregnant woman. In Unani system of medicine number of drugs and diets are available which have preventive and therapeutic role. Unani physicians paid special attention to child and mother care in general as well as in pregnancy. Natural medicines are economical, easily available and relatively free of side effects. So, the present topic highlights the use of Unani medicines providing iron supplements in the treatment of early and late pregnancy.

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998

Leeuw NKM de, Lowenstein L, Hsieh YS. Iron deficiency anaemia and hydremia in normal pregnancy. Medicine (Baltimore) 1966; 45: Johnson-Spear MA, Yip R. Hemoglobin difference between black and white women with comparable iron status: justification for race-specific anaemia criteria. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 1 17-12 1. Baker SJ, DeMaeyer EM. Nutritional anemia: its understanding and control with special reference to the work of the World Health Organization. Am JClin Nutr 1979; 32: 368-417. Murphy JF, O'Riordan JO, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of Haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet 1986; 1 : 992-994. 291-3 15. 0 RCOG 1998 Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105, 385-391

Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Red blood cells carry oxygen to all cells in our body. Haemoglobin (Hb) is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen molecules and delivers oxygen to tissues and cells via our circulatory system. When haemoglobin levels fall below normal levels, our body won't function optimally. Normal haemoglobin levels vary, depending on our age, sex, our health and where we live. Anaemia can occur due to nutritional deficiencies particularly of vitamin B , folic acid, and elemental 12 iron, genetic disorders like hemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia, parasitic infections like malaria, hookworms etc., presence of chronic diseases like cancer, kidney diseases, HIV infections etc. Anaemia due to deficiency of iron is one of the major public health concerns specially in developing Asian countries amongst the women of reproductive age group. Many factors like dietary habits, socio economic status, age and parity may influence the iron levels in women of reproductive group (Manwani et al, 2016). According to the study conducted by Majid Sadeghian et al.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia and iron status as assessed by biochemical markers and to explore the associations between markers of iron status and iron intake. Study area and population: Five hundred healthy women of reproductive age from the Bhaktapur district of Nepal were included in the study. Methods: A cluster sampling procedure was applied for this cross-sectional study. Women without any ongoing infection aged 13-35 years were selected randomly from the population. We measured the plasma concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin and transferrin receptors. Dietary information was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. Results: The prevalence of anemia (Hb concentration o12 g/dl) was 12% (n ¼ 58). The prevalence of depleted iron stores (plasma ferritin o15 mg/l) was 20% (n ¼ 98) whereas the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (anemia, depleted iron stores with elevated transferrin receptor i.e. 41.54 mg/l) was 6% (n ¼ 30). Seven percent (n ¼ 35) of women were having irondeficient erythropoiesis (depleted iron stores and elevated transferrin receptor but normal Hb). Out of the 58 anemic women, 41 (71%) and 31 (53%) were also having elevated plasma transferrin receptor and depleted iron stores, respectively. Fifty-four percent of the women ate less than the recommended average intake of iron. The main foods contributing to dietary iron were rice, wheat flour and green and dry vegetables. Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia in our study was substantially lower than the national figure for non-pregnant women. Only about half of the women with anemia were also having depleted iron stores, suggesting that other causes of anemia may be prevalent in this population.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC

Anaemia is arguably the biggest female health problems in developing countries. The world is still to fully fathom the extent and gravity of the problem. This problem aggravates particularly during and after pregnancies due to increased nutritional demands and inadequate iron supply and is therefore more widespread in parous segments of female population. Objective of this study was to determine prevalence of anaemia in apparently healthy parous female population of Abbottabad and investigate underlying causes. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2001 to March 2011 in Abbottabad. Women reporting for various surgical procedures were investigated for anaemia by obtaining history through a structured performa, specifically designed to identify the underlying causes. Sixteen thousand women of childbearing age (20-40 years) were included in the study; 14,800 with history of at least one pregnancy and remaining with no previous pregnancy. Haemoglobin (Hb) wa...

Cureus, 2022

Introduction Anemia is an important public health concern, affecting almost 25% of the global population. In India, these statistics are even more worrisome with more than half of the children, non-pregnant and pregnant women being affected by the disease. Though the major cause of anemia is iron deficiency, other causes cannot be neglected considering the magnitude of the problem. The present study was designed to estimate the prevalence of non-iron deficiency anemia (NIDA) in Devbhoomi Dwarka District of Gujarat. Methods For this cross-sectional study, total of 258 mothers (antenatal and postnatal) were enrolled from 27 primary health centers. Apart from demographic details and obstetric history, hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured from the participant's blood after obtaining consent. Clinical information such as the history of recent illness and fever were also noted through questionnaires. Prevalence was anemia was calculated using a standard threshold of blood hemoglobin and NIDM was defined using ferritin levels. Results As per hemoglobin levels, anemia was present in 65.9% of the mothers, which was relatively higher in antenatal women (90%) as compared to postnatal women (57%). Ferritin levels showed that out of this total anemic mothers, 61.8% (105/258) have normal ferritin levels indicating the presence of non-iron deficiency. Trimester-wise analysis of anemia in AN showed that NIDM prevalence increases with increasing trimester in contrast to IDA where a considerable reduction was found with iron supplementation. Conclusion The study indicated that two out of every three women were anemic and only one out of four were anemic with depleted iron storage. These findings have important policy implications as in India the anemia control programs address only iron deficiency anemia and not NIDA. The development of a framework for diagnosis and appropriate treatment can be recommended for integration into national guidelines.

Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 2014

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders worldwide affecting the general health and millions of pregnant women. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women. Design: A Cross-Sectional Study. Setting: Five Health Centers in Bahrain. Method: Three hundred sixty-six pregnant women were included in the study during June 2012. The pregnant women were recruited during their antenatal visit. The personal characteristics, pregnancy and dietary information were documented. In addition, hemoglobin and serum ferritin level were determined. Result: Ninety-six (26.2%) women had anemia; 19 (19.79%) women had iron deficiency anemia. The main risk factors were lower educational level and close birth space (≤ 2 years). The condition was found to be more prevalent among non-Bahraini pregnant women than Bahraini women. Serum ferritin level was found to decrease significantly with increasing age; eating three main meals regularly was associated with an increase in SF level. Conclusion: In a sample of three hundred sixty-six pregnant women, ninety-six (26.2%) women had anemia and only 19 (19.79%) women had iron deficiency anemia; it is more common among non-Bahraini pregnant women. Lower educational level and close birth space (≤ 2 years) were the main risk factors. __________________________________________________________________________ * Resident ** Resident *** Resident **** Resident Ministry of health ***

The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2012

We conducted a cross sectional study to investigate risk factors associated with severe anemia [hemoglobin (Hb) < 8.0 g dl(-1)] and poor iron status among Nepali pregnant women. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, health and dietary data were collected from 3,531 women living in the southeastern plains of Nepal. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal helminthes. Dark adaptation was assessed using the Night Vision Threshold Test (NVTT). Hb levels were measured in all subjects to detect anemia and the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was measured among a subsample of 479 women. The iron status categories were: 1) normal (Hb> or = 11.0 g/dl and sTfR < or = 8.5 mg/l); 2) anemia without iron deficiency (Hb<11.0 g/dl and sTfR < or = 8.5 mg/l); 3) iron deficiency without anemia (Hb > or = 11.0 g/dl and sTfR>8.5 mg/l); and 4) iron deficiency anemia (IDA): (Hb<11.0 g/dl and sTfR>8.5 mg/l). Factors associated with severe anemia and poor iron status were determ...

Maimunatu Mannir, 2021

Population Review, 2011

An attempt is made to understand the correlates of anaemia and examine the response to iron supplementation in some selected villages in West Bengal where anaemia among women is high. Estimates are derived by cyanmethemoglobin method to determine correlates of anaemia. Changes in haemoglobin after oral iron supplementation among women were monitored. Relationships among the variables were analyzed using the SPSS version 14.0 software. Analysis of various micro-level factors demonstrate that women who suffer from severe to moderate anaemia differ considerably in terms of socio-economic, dietary and anthropometric measurements from women who experience moderate to normal levels of anaemia. The lowest haemoglobin level was noticed among the <30 year old women. This is the child bearing and rearing period, making them more prone to anaemia. High rates of live births, heavy workload, poor diet and menstrual disorder are probably responsible for this anaemic condition among women. Uniform improvement in haemoglobin concentration after iron supplementation was not found among women who were at different levels of anaemia before iron supplementation.

2015

Background and objectives: Anaemia is a commonly prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder. Its prevalence and severity is known to increase during pregnancy. Multitude of factors like dietary habits, poverty, ignorance, poor sanitation, poor access to health care and religious practices etc. have been found to be associated with anaemia. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women attending health facilities in a district of West Bengal. Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted among 174 pregnant women in three PHCs and one Hospital selected randomly. Data were collected by observation and interview of the antenatal mothers. Results: Prevalence of anaemia was 66.1%. It was higher among women from minority community (90.2%), women who were illiterate (83.3%), who worked as labourers (84.4%), had fewer ANC visits (84.4%), consumed less than 100 IFA tablets(81.4%), whose husbands worked as labourers (73.0%), an...

Background-Anaemia is one of the commonest nutritional dificiency disorders occuring in pregnant women in developing courtries. In India, prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is one of the highest in the world among pregnant women.

Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2014

Objective: To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women before iron supplementation in Kathmandu university Hospital/ Dhulikhel Hospital. Study area and population: Fifty three pregnant women who have not started iron supplement and attending OPD of Dhulikhel Hospital were selected for this study. Method and Material: A cluster sampling procedure was applied for this prospective and cross-sectional study. Pregnant women without any ongoing infection were selected. Sociodemographic factors, knowledge, attitude and practices of pregnant women towards iron deficiency anemia were obtained by questionnaires and blood samples were drawn. Hemoglobin, ferritin, Total serum Iron and TIBC were measured. Descriptive statistics was used for data presentation. Results: Among 53 participants overall prevalence of anemia with hemoglobin less than 11 gm/dl was 37.74%. The prevalence of IDA among pregnant women was 24.52% and the prevalence of IDA among anemic pregnant women was 65%. The percentage of anemic pregnant women with ferritin <15ng/ml was 70.00%, elevated TIBC> 400µg/dl was 65% and total serum iron < 60µg/dl was 65%. Conclusion: The 65% prevalence of IDA among anemic pregnant women in the present study suggest that there is high chance of being iron deficient in case of the anemic pregnant women who have not taken iron supplements.